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Apple’s Foldable iPhone: Essential Information Unveiled

**Apple’s Arrival in the Foldable Smartphone Market: Will It Transform the Industry?**

The foldable smartphone sector, currently ruled by Samsung and Huawei, seems on the verge of a dramatic transformation as Apple gears up to make its entrance in 2026. A recent report from Display Supply Chain Consultants (DSCC) suggests that Apple’s expected launch in this domain could breathe new life into a market that experts foresee may experience stagnation in the near future. With speculation about a foldable iPhone and iPad circulating, along with the impending 20th anniversary of the original iPhone, Apple’s entry into the foldable arena could signal a significant turning point for the tech landscape.

### **The Foldable Market: A Terrain Ready for Change**

Foldable smartphones have gradually gained popularity since Samsung debuted the Galaxy Fold in 2019. Over time, the technology has evolved, with Samsung enhancing its Fold and Flip models and Huawei providing competitive options. Nevertheless, despite these advancements, foldable devices remain relatively niche due to their high costs, concerns about durability, and limited competition.

Experts believe that Apple’s entrance could serve as the spark needed to elevate foldables into mainstream acceptance. Renowned for its capacity to reinvent product segments—evident in the iPhone, iPad, and Apple Watch—Apple’s participation could introduce both innovation and broad market appeal to foldable gadgets. The DSCC report even referred to a foldable iPhone as the “holy grail event” awaited by the industry.

### **Fold or Flip: Apple’s Design Preference**

While the foldable market presently features two primary formats—a “Fold” that converts a smartphone into a tablet (e.g., Samsung Galaxy Z Fold 6) and a “Flip” that resembles a clamshell design (e.g., Galaxy Z Flip 6)—Apple seems to have opted for the Fold design for its inaugural foldable iPhone. Ross Young, CEO of DSCC and a trustworthy source of Apple leaks, confirmed in an X (formerly Twitter) thread that Apple is developing a “7.x-inch Fold” and has reportedly abandoned plans for a Flip-style model.

This choice aligns with Apple’s history of emphasizing functionality and user experience. A Fold-style gadget provides greater versatility, appealing to users who desire a smartphone capable of doubling as a tablet. Furthermore, this design could pave the way for Apple’s rumored ambitions to introduce a foldable iPad or perhaps a foldable MacBook by 2028.

### **Why Apple’s Foldable Could Be Transformative**

1. **Enhanced Design and Durability**: Apple is recognized for its thorough attention to detail and engineering excellence. Unlike Samsung’s initial Galaxy Fold, which encountered durability challenges, Apple is expected to launch a refined product that tackles common foldable issues like hinge durability and screen longevity.

2. **Integration with Ecosystem**: Apple’s foldable iPhone would seamlessly mesh with its existing ecosystem, including iCloud, iMessage, and Continuity features. This could provide a more integrated user experience compared to Android-based foldables.

3. **Broader Market Appeal**: Apple’s brand loyalty and marketing expertise could make foldable devices more attainable to a wider audience. While current foldables are often perceived as luxury items, Apple’s arrival could help normalize the category and boost adoption rates.

4. **Advances in Software**: Apple’s iOS is expected to be tailored for foldable displays, promising unique multitasking abilities and app experiences. This could raise the bar for foldable software and encourage developers to design apps customized for larger, flexible screens.

### **Challenges Ahead**

Nonetheless, Apple’s foray into the foldable market is not devoid of challenges. Elevated production costs could render the device unaffordable, narrowing its appeal. Furthermore, Apple must overcome technical obstacles, such as engineering a robust foldable display that adheres to its high-quality standards.

Additionally, Apple’s late entry could allow competitors like Samsung and Huawei to further entrench their positions. By 2026, these firms might unveil even more sophisticated foldable technologies, setting a higher standard for Apple’s debut.

### **What Lies Ahead for Foldables?**

Apple’s anticipated foldable iPhone is expected to launch in 2026, possibly coinciding with the 20th anniversary of the original iPhone. This timing could amplify the device’s significance, as Apple frequently utilizes milestone events to showcase innovative products.

Meanwhile, the foldable market is likely to keep evolving, with manufacturers testing new designs, including double-fold and rollable displays. However, Apple’s participation could act as the turning point that shifts foldables from a niche segment into a widespread trend.

### **Conclusion**

Apple’s entry into the foldable smartphone sector holds the promise of redefining the category, reminiscent of how the original iPhone revolutionized smartphones in 2007. By favoring a Fold-style

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“Assessing the Non-Verbal Reasoning Skills of Large Language Models (LLMs)”

# Processing in the “Latent Space” Could Aid AI in Addressing Complex Logical Challenges

Artificial Intelligence (AI) has achieved significant progress in recent years, especially with the emergence of large language models (LLMs) such as OpenAI’s GPT series and Google’s Bard. These models are proficient at creating coherent, human-like text by predicting the next word in a sequence, a capability stemming from their transformer-based design. Nonetheless, when it comes to tackling intricate logical challenges, these models frequently face obstacles. A fresh method, concentrating on reasoning within the “latent space,” might provide a hopeful solution to these issues.

## The Challenge of Language-Centric Reasoning

LLMs like ChatGPT and others depend substantially on “chain-of-thought” reasoning, where every step of a logical procedure is articulated in natural language. This methodology has shown effectiveness for numerous tasks, including answering questions, summarizing texts, or producing creative content. However, researchers have pinpointed a significant limitation: the dependence on natural language tokens as the medium for reasoning.

In a recent study conducted by researchers from Meta’s Fundamental AI Research (FAIR) team alongside UC San Diego, this reliance on language is characterized as a “fundamental constraint.” Logical reasoning often necessitates meticulous planning and the capacity to consider various potential paths simultaneously. Yet, the requirement to translate each step into natural language can lead to inefficiencies and inaccuracies. For instance, the model might prioritize textual coherence over logical precision, resulting in flawed reasoning or fabricated information.

## Introducing the “Latent Space”

To tackle these shortcomings, researchers are delving into the idea of reasoning within the “latent space.” But what is latent space, exactly? In the realm of LLMs, latent space refers to the concealed, intermediate layer of computations that occur before the model produces human-readable text. These hidden states encapsulate the model’s grasp of the input and its predictions, yet they are not confined by the constraints of natural language.

The researchers suggest an innovative technique for training LLMs to reason directly in this latent space. By doing so, the model can circumvent the necessity to convert each logical step into language, enabling it to concentrate solely on the fundamental reasoning process. This new approach has been embodied in a model named COCONUT (Chain Of CONtinUous Thought), which substitutes traditional chain-of-thought reasoning with “latent thoughts.”

## How COCONUT Functions

In the COCONUT architecture, logical reasoning happens entirely within the latent space. Instead of producing a sequence of natural language tokens for each step, the model encodes its reasoning process as a continuous flow of “latent thoughts.” These latent thoughts are optimized for logical accuracy instead of linguistic fluency, allowing the model to investigate multiple potential solutions at once.

This method brings several benefits:

1. **Liberation from Language Limitations**: By reasoning in latent space, the model is freed from the obligation to generate text at each step. This enables it to focus on the logical framework of the problem rather than the syntax of the language.

2. **Concurrent Exploration of Various Paths**: In contrast to conventional models that pursue a single logical pathway at a time, COCONUT can simultaneously encode multiple potential solutions. This is similar to a breadth-first search in graph theory, where all viable options are evaluated prior to narrowing down to the correct one.

3. **Lower Chance of Hallucination**: Traditional chain-of-thought models occasionally “hallucinate” information, fabricating rules or facts that were not included in the input. By reasoning in latent space, COCONUT reduces this risk, as it does not depend on creating intermediate text.

## Evaluating the Model

The researchers assessed COCONUT across various reasoning tasks, including mathematical challenges (GSM8K dataset) and general logical reasoning (ProntoQA dataset). While the model’s performance on straightforward tasks was on par with traditional chain-of-thought models, it excelled in more challenging situations involving complex logical conditions.

For instance, when confronted with a query requiring multiple layers of logical inference (e.g., “Every apple is a fruit, every fruit is food, etc.”), COCONUT exhibited a superior ability to traverse the logical chain without getting ensnared in dead-end paths or fabricating incorrect rules. This indicates that reasoning in latent space could result in more robust and precise problem-solving.

## Significance for AI Research

The COCONUT model marks a substantial advancement in understanding and enhancing how LLMs manage complex reasoning tasks. By shifting the emphasis from language-based reasoning to latent space processing, researchers are unveiling new avenues for AI development.

One of the most promising facets of this research is its potential for generalization. The researchers suspect that models pre-trained to reason in latent space could achieve better performance across a diverse array of reasoning scenarios, from scientific problem-solving to ethical decision-making. This could lead to the creation of more adaptable and dependable AI systems.

## Challenges and Future Directions

While the outcomes appear promising

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“WhatsApp Boosts Voice and Video Calling with Enhanced Quality and Superior Controls”

# Tidying Up What Enhances the App as We Connect This Season: WhatsApp’s Festive Updates

With the holiday season on the horizon, WhatsApp is enhancing its offerings by launching a series of updates aimed at boosting usability and user experience. These enhancements concentrate on refining the app’s essential features, especially in voice and video calling, message drafting, and accessibility. Whether you’re catching up with family or working alongside colleagues, these new tools strive to make your interactions more fluid and enjoyable.

## **Key Information to Consider**

– A refreshed user interface (UI) for voice and video calling is being introduced on WhatsApp’s web app.
– Group calling now enables users to select particular participants rather than alerting everyone in the group.
– Video calls are being upgraded for better quality, along with exciting new effects for an engaging experience.
– Mobile users can now benefit from “Message Drafts” and transcriptions for voice messages to facilitate better communication.

## **Enhanced Calling Options**

### **Revamped UI for Web Calling**
WhatsApp’s web app is undergoing a major redesign of its calling interface. The updated layout simplifies the process of starting calls, generating call links, and dialing directly. These modifications aim to make connecting with others quicker and more straightforward.

### **Targeted Group Calling**
A standout feature is the option to call select individuals from a group chat. Previously, placing a group call would alert all members, which could be disruptive. Now, users can choose who to include in the call, making group communication more precise and less intrusive.

### **Upgraded Video Call Quality**
Video calling is set to receive substantial improvements. WhatsApp promises enhanced “quality” with greater resolution and better reliability for both individual and group calls. Whether reconnecting with loved ones or conducting a virtual meeting, these upgrades guarantee a clearer, more stable interaction.

### **Creative Video Call Effects**
WhatsApp is adding a sprinkle of creativity to video calls with 10 new effects. From whimsical dog ears and underwater scenes to a microphone for karaoke fans, these effects aim to make your video calls more enjoyable and personalized.

## **Message Drafts: A Convenient New Feature**

In November, WhatsApp launched “Message Drafts,” a function users have been keenly anticipating. This feature ensures that incomplete messages are preserved and marked as “drafts” in your chat list. Drafts are prioritized at the top of your conversation list, facilitating a seamless transition back to unfinished messages. This functionality, already prevalent in apps like Google Messages, is a fantastic addition to WhatsApp’s features.

## **Voice Message Transcriptions for Enhanced Accessibility**

WhatsApp is advancing accessibility by introducing voice message transcriptions. This feature enables users to read transcriptions of voice messages in supported languages, making information more accessible in noisy settings or for individuals with hearing difficulties. The transcriptions can be turned off in settings if preferred and are compatible with longer audio files, remaining available for future use.

## **Importance of These Updates**

These updates showcase WhatsApp’s dedication to enhancing its core features while incorporating options that address various user requirements. By refining the calling experience, rolling out message drafts, and improving accessibility, WhatsApp is establishing itself as a more adaptable and user-centric communication platform. These enhancements are especially timely as individuals worldwide prepare to bond with loved ones during the holiday season.

## **How to Access the New Features**

The updates will be released gradually, so users can expect to notice them starting December 12. If you do not see the new features yet, ensure that your app is updated to the latest version. For web users, these changes should be automatically implemented.

## **Looking Forward**

WhatsApp’s latest updates are part of an ongoing trend of perpetual enhancement and innovation. As the app progresses, it continues to prioritize optimizing its functionality and ensuring effortless communication for users, whether for personal or professional ends. With these festive upgrades, WhatsApp is not only refreshing its interface but also rolling out meaningful features that elevate the app’s utility and enjoyment for all.

So, as you reach out to friends, family, and colleagues this season, utilize these new features to make your interactions more smooth and unforgettable. Happy connecting!

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“iOS 18.2 Boosts AirPods Features: Main Enhancements Clarified”

# The Revolutionary Impact of AirPods Pro 2 with iOS 18.2

Apple’s AirPods Pro 2 have recently received a major enhancement with the rollout of iOS 18.2, introducing a multitude of new features aimed at improving the user experience. Notable updates include robust functionalities such as Hearing Aid, Hearing Test, and Hearing Protection, but the most transformative addition is the incorporation of ChatGPT into Siri. This article examines how these innovations elevate the AirPods Pro 2 to unprecedented levels of capability.

## ChatGPT via Siri: A Paradigm Shift

The inclusion of ChatGPT within Siri signifies a major advancement in Apple’s AI technology. Initially launched in iOS 18.1, this function has seen further improvements in iOS 18.2, tapping into OpenAI’s sophisticated language model for a wider array of queries. While Siri has historically been strong in personal knowledge, ChatGPT augments Siri’s capacity to furnish information on a universal scale.

To access this capability, users simply need to say “Ask ChatGPT” prior to their request. This seamless incorporation revolutionizes user-device interactions, particularly with AirPods. The experience evokes the futuristic exchanges illustrated in the film *Her*, where a personal assistant comprehends and addresses complex questions in a conversational style.

## Elevating the AirPods Experience with ChatGPT

When AirPods are paired with an iPhone or iPad operating on iOS 18.2, activating Siri remains effortless—just say “Siri.” Users can then proceed with “ask ChatGPT,” facilitating a more interactive dialogue. What distinguishes this feature is its prowess in addressing follow-up questions without the need to restate the original command. After ChatGPT provides an answer, Siri stays alert, ready to continue the conversation.

For users with a ChatGPT Plus subscription, the experience is further enhanced with advanced voice mode options, rendering conversations more organic and lifelike. This integration not only amplifies the capabilities of AirPods but also transforms user engagement with their devices.

## The Prospective Landscape of AirPods with ChatGPT

Although the ChatGPT integration can be accessed on multiple Apple devices, its use with AirPods offers a distinctive and forward-looking experience. The ease of having a personal assistant capable of responding to questions and participating in discussions while on the move is a compelling incentive to keep utilizing AirPods throughout the day.

Interacting with ChatGPT through Siri while wearing AirPods morphs routine tasks into captivating dialogues, creating a sensation that users are entering a new domain of technological innovation. Whether in search of information, needing help with tasks, or simply craving a conversation, AirPods Pro 2 featuring iOS 18.2 and ChatGPT present a sneak peek into the future of personal technology.

## Conclusion

The enhancements in AirPods Pro 2, especially with the incorporation of ChatGPT via Siri in iOS 18.2, signify a notable advancement in how users engage with their devices. This dynamic combination not only augments the functionality of AirPods but also enriches the overall user journey, rendering it more intuitive and engaging. As technology continues to progress, the potential for personal assistants like Siri and ChatGPT is boundless, paving the way for a reality where our devices are even more deeply woven into our everyday lives.

Have you experienced the new ChatGPT interactions through Siri with your AirPods? Share your thoughts in the comments below!

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WhatsApp Unveils Improvements to Audio and Video Calling Capabilities

### WhatsApp Upgrades Audio and Video Calls for the Holiday Season

On Thursday, WhatsApp revealed an array of thrilling enhancements focused on upgrading audio and video calls, perfectly timed for the holiday season. With more than 2 billion calls made every day on the platform, Meta, WhatsApp’s parent company, is dedicated to improving the user experience, making it simpler for individuals to connect with their loved ones during this festive period.

#### Fresh Features Coming to WhatsApp Calls

In a recent blog update, Meta emphasized the increasing popularity of calling via WhatsApp, remarking, “Calling on WhatsApp continues to grow in popularity around the globe.” To bolster communication, numerous new features will be rolled out across both desktop and mobile platforms.

One highlighted feature is the option for users to choose specific participants from a group chat for a call. This capability allows you to contact selected friends or family members without interrupting the entire group, ideal for organizing surprise gatherings or gifts.

Additionally, WhatsApp is unveiling entertaining new camera effects for video calls. Users can anticipate whimsical choices such as puppy ears, a karaoke microphone, and an underwater filter, bringing an extra layer of fun to video chats.

#### Enhanced Call Quality

While the fresh effects are certainly attractive, the most notable improvement is the enhancement in call quality. Meta is concentrating on perfecting the calling experience, especially for desktop users, which will enable easier call initiation from computers. Moreover, for video calls, users can look forward to higher resolution streaming for both individual and group calls, ensuring more vibrant and enjoyable conversations.

#### Compatibility Changes

Alongside these new features, Meta has also indicated that WhatsApp will soon stop working on certain older iPhone models, including the iPhone 5s. The app will now necessitate iOS 15.1 or later, urging users to update their devices to continue taking advantage of WhatsApp’s offerings.

Furthermore, WhatsApp has recently introduced voice message transcription to all users, enhancing the app’s functionality and accessibility.

#### Accessing the Latest Features

To benefit from these new features, users should confirm they have the latest version of WhatsApp downloaded on their devices. WhatsApp for iPhone and Mac is available for free on the App Store, making it convenient for users to keep in touch with friends and family.

As the holiday season nears, these updates are poised to make communication more enjoyable and effortless, enabling users to share significant moments with their loved ones, regardless of their location across the globe. Whether organizing a surprise event or simply catching up, WhatsApp’s new features aim to elevate the way we connect.

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9to5Mac Daily Update for December 12, 2024: Important Aspects of visionOS 2.2 and Other Advancements

# 9to5Mac Daily: Your Go-To Destination for Daily Apple News and Insights

In the rapidly evolving technology landscape, keeping abreast of the newest news and trends is crucial for both enthusiasts and professionals. One of the most trustworthy sources for Apple-related information is the **9to5Mac Daily** podcast. This daily summary provides listeners with a brief overview of the key stories impacting the Apple ecosystem, making it essential for anyone keen on the latest updates from Cupertino.

## What is 9to5Mac Daily?

**9to5Mac Daily** is a podcast that delivers a daily summary of the most important news items in the Apple realm. Hosted by the expert team at 9to5Mac, the podcast addresses a variety of subjects, including product releases, software upgrades, market trends, and more. Each episode aims to keep listeners informed and engaged, facilitating easy access to the latest events.

### Where to Listen

Listeners can access **9to5Mac Daily** on multiple platforms, providing accessibility for all. The podcast can be found on:

– [iTunes and Apple Podcasts](https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/9to5mac-daily/id1331816080)
– [Stitcher](https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/9to5mac-daily)
– [TuneIn](https://tunein.com/radio/9to5Mac-Daily-p1089524/)
– [Google Play](https://play.google.com/music/m/I5d4dzs7dauazmfxvvrynyiuram?t=9to5Mac_Daily)
– [Dedicated RSS feed](https://feedpress.me/9to5macdaily) for Overcast and other podcast applications.

New episodes are produced every weekday, ensuring that subscribers receive the most current information as it becomes accessible.

## Subscription Perks

For those interested in enhancing their listening experience, **9to5Mac Daily** provides a subscription option. By subscribing to **9to5Mac Daily Plus**, listeners gain access to multiple benefits, such as:

– **Ad-free versions** of each episode for uninterrupted enjoyment.
– **Bonus content** that explores specific topics and stories in greater depth.

As a limited-time offer, from now until December 31, subscribers can enjoy a 20% discount on all annual subscriptions using the promo code **HOLIDAY**. Interested listeners can register at [9to5mac.com/join](http://9to5mac.com/join).

## Engaging with the Podcast

Listeners are invited to interact with the podcast and share their feedback. Comments can be sent via email to [[email protected]](mailto:[email protected]). Moreover, listeners can help broaden the show’s audience by rating it on [Apple Podcasts](https://geo.itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/id1331816080?at=10laZc&pt=11l8808) or recommending it on

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Netflix’s CEO Set to Appear in New Comedy Series on Apple TV+

### Seth Rogen’s Upcoming Comedy “The Studio” Includes Surprise Appearance by Netflix CEO Ted Sarandos

The entertainment industry is abuzz with enthusiasm for the forthcoming Seth Rogen comedy series, **The Studio**, which is scheduled to debut on **Apple TV+** on **March 28, 2025**. This ten-episode satirical series explores the challenges faced by a movie studio striving to stay relevant in a constantly changing industry. Rogen plays Matt Remick, the newly appointed head of the studio, as he navigates the intricacies of Hollywood with humor.

#### A Surprising Cameo

One of the most fascinating elements of **The Studio** is the surprise appearance by **Ted Sarandos**, the CEO of Netflix. In a remarkable twist, Sarandos agreed to feature in the series, despite it being made for a competing streaming platform. Rogen disclosed that this partnership arose from a long-term friendship with Sarandos, dating back to the era when Netflix primarily operated as a DVD rental service.

In a conversation with **Vanity Fair**, Rogen shared insights into how he secured Sarandos’s involvement. He jokingly remarked that he did not seek approval from Apple before contacting Sarandos. “I just shot him an email. I did not consult our Apple associates if I could do this,” Rogen quipped, displaying his signature humor. He forwarded Sarandos the script, pointing out a specific joke that would allow him to share some insight with Rogen’s character. Sarandos quickly showed enthusiasm, indicating his readiness to fit it into his schedule.

#### The Concept Behind “The Studio”

**The Studio** presents a satirical viewpoint on the film business, concentrating on a self-absorbed executive who struggles with the waning cultural relevance of Hollywood films. This meta-analysis not only critiques the present condition of the film industry but also humorously addresses the obstacles faced by studio executives.

Alongside Rogen, the series features a stellar lineup of guest stars, including acclaimed director **Martin Scorsese**, **Zack Snyder**, and actors **Bryan Cranston** and **Adam Scott**. The regular cast includes talented performers like **Catherine O’Hara**, **Kathryn Hahn**, **Ike Barinholtz**, and **Chase Sui Wonders**.

#### Rogen’s Second Project with Apple TV+

This venture represents Rogen’s second project with Apple TV+, following the success of the 2023 comedy **Platonic**, featuring Rogen and **Rose Byrne**, which has already been renewed for a second season. The excitement for **The Studio** is palpable, as fans look forward to its launch.

#### Premiere Schedule

The series will launch exclusively on **Apple TV+**, with the initial two episodes available on March 28, 2025. After the premiere, new episodes will be released weekly, culminating in the season finale on May 23, 2025.

As the entertainment sphere continues to change, **The Studio** is set to provide a fresh and comedic view on the issues facing the film industry, while also including a unique cameo that connects competing streaming services. With Rogen leading the way, viewers can anticipate a mix of cleverness, satire, and meaningful commentary on Hollywood.

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“Exploring the Influence of Carbon Dioxide on Mars’ Surface Formation Rather Than Water”

**Could Carbon Dioxide, Instead of Water, Have Influenced the Red Planet?**

For many years, the prevailing view among scientists has been that water played a crucial role in sculpting the striking terrain of Mars. The extensive river valleys, ancient deltas, and complex geological structures of the planet have generally been seen as indicators of flowing water in its far-off history. However, an innovative new theory is questioning this belief, proposing that liquid carbon dioxide, rather than water, could have been the principal force responsible for the Red Planet’s distinctive surface characteristics.

### The Novel Hypothesis: Liquid Carbon Dioxide Streams

This theory suggests that under the early atmospheric conditions of Mars, carbon dioxide might have existed in a liquid form and flowed on the planet’s surface. Achieving this would necessitate specific temperatures and pressures, which scientists speculate could have been present during Mars’ formative years. If validated, this hypothesis could dramatically reshape our comprehension of the planet’s geological development.

Support for this concept comes from the observation that some formations on Mars, previously attributed to water erosion, might also have been formed by liquid carbon dioxide. Unlike water, liquid carbon dioxide possesses distinct physical traits, such as lower viscosity and higher density, potentially creating unique erosion patterns. These patterns could clarify some of the more enigmatic geological features on Mars that do not fit neatly within water-based erosion frameworks.

### Supporting Evidence for the Hypothesis

The basis for this theory rests on the parallels between specific Martian terrains and those formed by liquid carbon dioxide on Earth. For example, laboratory tests and computer models have demonstrated that liquid carbon dioxide can carve channels and valleys akin to those observed on Mars. Furthermore, the mineral composition of the Martian surface could be attributed to chemical reactions with carbon dioxide, as opposed to water.

An intriguing element of this theory is its capability to clarify why Mars seems to lack substantial quantities of liquid water at present. If liquid carbon dioxide, rather than water, served as the main erosive agent, this could imply that Mars never possessed the extensive oceans or rivers that scientists once believed existed. Instead, the planet’s surface features may have been shaped by a mix of liquid carbon dioxide flows coupled with volcanic activities.

### Skepticism and Challenges

Despite the theory’s allure, it faces skepticism from certain quarters. Numerous scientists advise caution regarding the complete dismissal of water’s role. After all, signs of ancient riverbeds, deltas, and even polar ice caps strongly indicate that water did indeed exist on Mars at some stage in its geological timeline. The challenge resides in ascertaining whether water, carbon dioxide, or both contributed to the shaping of the planet’s surface.

NASA scientists have encouraged the scientific community to approach this idea with an open yet cautious mindset. As one researcher stated, “Science flourishes on alternative hypotheses, but we must thoroughly investigate these theories before altering the narrative of Mars.”

### Consequences for Planetary Science

Should liquid carbon dioxide streams have sculpted Mars, it would have significant implications for our understanding of planetary geology. It would suggest that celestial bodies with varying atmospheric compositions and conditions can develop landscapes resembling those shaped by water on Earth. This could expand the horizons of planetary exploration, motivating scientists to search for signs of liquid carbon dioxide or other unusual fluids on different celestial entities.

Moreover, this theory may impact the quest for life on Mars. While water is deemed a fundamental component for life, if carbon dioxide had a more prominent role in the planet’s formation, it might indicate that Mars was less conducive to life than previously believed.

### Future Investigations and Explorations

Validating this theory will demand additional research and exploration. NASA’s Mars rovers, like Perseverance, are actively gathering data regarding the planet’s surface characteristics and geological past. However, more direct evidence, such as samples from Martian riverbeds or valleys, will be essential to establish whether liquid carbon dioxide truly acted as the main architect of Mars’ landscape.

The forthcoming Mars Sample Return mission, currently facing delays, could yield vital insights. By examining Martian rock and soil in laboratories on Earth, scientists could look for chemical indicators that validate the liquid carbon dioxide theory.

### Conclusion

The proposition that liquid carbon dioxide, instead of water, played a key role in shaping Mars is an ambitious and thought-provoking hypothesis that challenges entrenched beliefs about the Red Planet. While far from conclusive, this theory opens new research pathways and compels scientists to reevaluate their understanding of planetary geology. Regardless of whether this hypothesis is ultimately confirmed, it highlights the necessity of maintaining an open mind in the dynamic realm of planetary science.

As humanity gears up for future missions to Mars, including possible manned journeys, the answers to these inquiries may soon become clearer. Until that time, the enigma of Mars’ ancient rivers—whether fueled by water or carbon dioxide—continues to fascinate both scientists and the public.

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Report Uncovers AT&T and Verizon Neglecting to Inform Most Victims Impacted by Chinese Call-Records Breach

### Telecom Companies Criticized for Not Informing Users About Chinese Metadata Hack

In a disturbing turn of events, prominent U.S. telecom firms, such as AT&T and Verizon, are allegedly failing to inform most of their customers whose call metadata was compromised in an intricate cyberattack linked to the Chinese hacking entity Salt Typhoon. This incident, which has compromised sensitive metadata of more than a million people, prompts serious concerns regarding transparency, cybersecurity measures, and the responsibilities of telecom companies towards their users.

#### **Extent of the Breach**

Reports from NBC News indicate that the hacking operation focused mainly on metadata rather than the actual content of communications. Metadata encompasses details such as the involved phone numbers, call durations, and timestamps. Although this information might seem less sensitive compared to the actual conversations or texts, experts caution that metadata can be leveraged to deduce highly personal information about individuals, including their social networks, routines, and even geographical locations.

The breach has already resulted in serious ramifications for notable figures. U.S. government officials, ranging from senior congressional aides to security personnel, and including President-elect Donald Trump and Vice President-elect J.D. Vance, are said to have had their calls and messages directly accessed. Nevertheless, for the overwhelming majority of impacted individuals, the accessed data was confined to metadata, and telecom firms have largely abstained from alerting these users.

#### **Why the Silence for Customers?**

The absence of notifications is attributable to a mix of regulatory loopholes and corporate guidelines. Following a Federal Communications Commission (FCC) directive issued in December 2023, telecom providers are required to inform customers of breaches only if there is a substantial risk of harm. This “harm-based notification trigger” lets carriers avoid notifying users if they assess that the breach is not likely to cause financial, physical, or other major detriment.

Both AT&T and Verizon have asserted their compliance with notification obligations for the affected parties. Nevertheless, sources informed about the companies’ strategies suggest that only a limited group of customers—specifically those whose communications were directly targeted—have been informed. The FBI, currently investigating the breach, has similarly indicated that it will not alert the wider victim group.

#### **The Discussion on Harm and Transparency**

The FCC’s harm-based approach has ignited a conversation about finding a balance between averting “notification fatigue” and guaranteeing transparency. The FCC posits that excessive notifications can trigger unwarranted anxiety and actions, such as altering passwords or freezing credit, in situations where actual harm is improbable. On the other hand, critics argue that this stance leaves consumers uninformed regarding possible risks and diminishes their capacity to make educated choices about their service providers.

U.S. Senator Ron Wyden (D-Ore.) has openly criticized the telecommunications sector for its management of cybersecurity and data breaches. In response to the Salt Typhoon incident, Wyden has suggested legislation to bolster telecom security requirements and demand heightened transparency. “Americans deserve to be informed when their information has been compromised,” a representative for Wyden commented, emphasizing that such notifications could empower consumers to choose providers with superior security protocols.

#### **Risks Associated with Metadata Exposure**

Though metadata does not comprise the substance of communications, its exposure can still pose significant risks. A 2016 study by Stanford University researchers illustrated that telephone metadata is intricately connected and can be utilized to draw sensitive conclusions about individuals. For instance, metadata could expose communication patterns that hint at a person’s political beliefs, health issues, or personal connections.

The potential for exploitation is especially alarming in the context of state-backed hacking. Metadata could serve as a tool for surveillance, extortion, or other malicious intents, particularly when combined with additional data sources.

#### **Track Record of the Telecom Industry**

This is not the first instance of telecom companies being scrutinized for their management of customer data. In July 2024, AT&T unveiled a distinct breach concerning call and text metadata stored on a third-party cloud system. In that scenario, the company informed affected customers and provided resources to safeguard their information. However, the Salt Typhoon hack seems to exist in a legal gray area, with carriers contending that the harm is insufficient to necessitate widespread notifications.

The telecom sector has also typically resisted regulatory scrutiny in other aspects. After the FCC sanctioned carriers for selling user location data, companies including AT&T and Verizon launched lawsuits challenging the FCC’s authority to impose such penalties.

#### **Looking Ahead**

The Salt Typhoon breach underscores the pressing need for enhanced cybersecurity protocols and clearer regulations surrounding data breaches. While the FCC’s harm-based standard seeks to prevent over-notification, it may inadvertently promote a lack of accountability among telecom providers. As the investigation proceeds, lawmakers like Senator Wyden are advocating for reforms to ensure that customers are better informed and protected moving forward.

For the time being, customers are left in uncertainty regarding whether their data has been compromised and what measures, if any, they might take to safeguard themselves. The situation serves as

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“Numerous Websites at Risk from Unresolved WordPress Plugin Exploit”

# Severe WordPress Vulnerability Endangers Countless Websites

A severe security flaw with a severity score of 9.8 out of 10 continues to present a considerable risk to countless WordPress websites. Although a patch is available, over 8,000 sites still have not addressed the issue, rendering them susceptible to unauthorized exploitation. The vulnerability, designated as **CVE-2024-11972**, is associated with the popular **Hunk Companion plugin**, which works with ThemeHunk themes on WordPress.

## The Extent of the Threat

The Hunk Companion plugin is active on more than 10,000 WordPress websites, making this vulnerability a prevalent issue. Data from the plugin’s WordPress.org page reveals that merely 11.9% of users have implemented the patch released earlier this week. This indicates that nearly 88% of sites utilizing the plugin are still at risk of attacks.

This vulnerability enables unauthenticated attackers to run malicious code on impacted websites. This could result in serious outcomes, such as data breaches, website defacement, and the installation of further malicious applications. Security experts have reported active exploitation of this weakness, highlighting the critical need for patch application.

## Mechanism of the Exploit

The vulnerability was initially discovered by WP Scan researchers, a WordPress security company, while investigating a compromised customer site. They found that attackers were exploiting **CVE-2024-11972** to compel the site to download and activate another vulnerable plugin, **WP Query Console**.

The WP Query Console plugin, which has not received updates for years, harbors its own critical vulnerability, labeled as **CVE-2024-50498**, with a maximum severity rating of 10. This secondary weakness permits attackers to execute arbitrary code, further jeopardizing the compromised sites. Despite the temporary removal of the WP Query Console plugin from WordPress.org for evaluation, attackers managed to circumvent this barrier by utilizing a specific WordPress.org URL to fetch the plugin.

## Fundamental Cause and Mitigation

The core issue of the Hunk Companion vulnerability is attributed to a flaw that allows unauthenticated requests to evade security checks. This permits attackers to install and activate arbitrary plugins, creating opportunities for more significant exploitation. The developers of Hunk Companion rectified this problem in version 1.9.0, launched two days ago. Nevertheless, the low uptake of the patch underscores the persistent threat.

This is not the first occurrence of vulnerabilities in Hunk Companion. A related flaw, noted as **CVE-2024-9707**, was addressed in version 1.8.5. Similar to the current issue, it also had a severity rating of 9.8, emphasizing the plugin’s track record of serious security vulnerabilities.

## The Larger Context: WordPress Security Obstacles

The challenges presented by Hunk Companion and WP Query Console underline broader issues within the WordPress ecosystem. With more than 40% of the web relying on WordPress, vulnerabilities in plugins and themes can lead to widespread repercussions. Significant issues include:

1. **Delayed Patch Adoption**: Numerous WordPress site administrators neglect to promptly update plugins and themes, leaving their sites vulnerable to existing flaws.
2. **Outdated Plugins**: Plugins such as WP Query Console, which have seen no maintenance for years, continue to serve as a weak point in the ecosystem. Their availability on WordPress.org, even if momentary, can be manipulated by malicious actors.
3. **Circumvention Mechanisms**: The ability to override restrictions on downloading blocked plugins raises concerns regarding WordPress.org’s security protocols.

## Suggestions for Website Administrators

To mitigate the dangers presented by these vulnerabilities, WordPress site administrators should carry out the following measures:

1. **Upgrade Plugins and Themes**: Ensure that all plugins and themes, including Hunk Companion, are upgraded to their latest versions. For Hunk Companion, this entails updating to version 1.9.0 or newer.
2. **Eliminate Obsolete Plugins**: Remove outdated plugins like WP Query Console that are no longer supported or maintained.
3. **Stay Updated on Security Advisories**: Subscribe to security alerts from reputable sources like WP Scan to stay informed about vulnerabilities affecting WordPress plugins and themes.
4. **Utilize Web Application Firewalls (WAFs)**: Implement a WAF to obstruct malicious traffic and prevent the exploitation of vulnerabilities.
5. **Conduct Regular Backups**: Keep consistent backups of your website to ensure swift recovery in the event of a security incident.

## The Role of WordPress.org in Security

This incident also raises concerns about WordPress.org’s responsibility in protecting its ecosystem. The presence of an override mechanism that enabled attackers to download a blocked plugin is troubling. Representatives from WordPress.org have not yet provided clarification on whether this mechanism has been deactivated or if it continues to pose a risk.

Moving ahead, WordPress.org needs to enhance its procedures for evaluating and eliminating vulnerable plugins. It should also bolster communication with site administrators to promote timely updates and provide clearer directions on security best practices.

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