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“Research Indicates That Paleolithic Deep-Cave Complex Was Employed for Ceremonial Activities”

### Manot Cave: An Insight into Paleolithic Rituals and Symbolism

Archaeologists have unearthed compelling evidence indicating that a deep-cave complex within **Manot Cave**, situated in Galilee, Israel, functioned as a ceremonial gathering venue during the Early Upper Paleolithic era. This revelation, highlighted in a recent study published in the *Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS)*, illuminates the symbolic and social practices of early humans. The discoveries consist of a carved boulder resembling a turtle, signs of torch lighting, and acoustics suitable for group activities, providing insight into the spiritual and cultural dimensions of our ancient forebears.

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### **The Discovery of Manot Cave**
Manot Cave was serendipitously uncovered in 2008 when a bulldozer inadvertently breached its roof during construction work. Archaeologists rapidly descended upon the location to investigate, revealing a wealth of artifacts, including stone implements, remnants of charcoal, animal remains, and an almost intact human skull. The skull, referred to as **Manot 1**, dates back around 54,700 years and showcases characteristics of both Neanderthals and modern humans. This offered vital support for the theory that modern humans and Neanderthals coexisted and interbred during a crucial epoch of human evolution.

The cave itself is an intricate structure, featuring an 80-meter-long gallery that connects to two lower chambers. The entrance zone functioned as a center for everyday activities such as flint-knapping, animal butchering, and cooking. However, the primary focus of the new study is on a deep cavern located about eight stories beneath the entrance, which seems to have been designated for ritualistic uses.

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### **A Ritual Space Deep Below**
The deep cavern comprises a lofty gallery and a smaller “hidden” chamber divided by mineral formations known as speleothems. In contrast to the living spaces near the entrance, this part of the cave reveals no signs of routine human activities. Instead, the findings imply an alternate function—ritual assemblies.

#### **The Turtle Carving**
One of the most captivating finds in the cavern is a sizable dolomite boulder engraved with patterns resembling a turtle. Situated prominently in a niche along the rear wall, the boulder dates back roughly 35,000 to 37,000 years. The engravings, created using sharp flint tools, stand out against the natural erosion patterns present in the cave. Turtles and tortoises frequently appear in archaeological contexts from the Middle Paleolithic period onward, indicating they may have held symbolic importance for early humans.

#### **Torch Lighting and Illumination**
Researchers also discovered remnants of charred organic material close to a stalagmite, suggesting that fire was utilized for lighting. Unlike hearths used for cooking or warmth, the fire in this context likely originated from portable torches or ephemeral fireplaces, producing minimal smoke—crucial in a deep-cave setting with limited ventilation. This correlates with evidence from other Paleolithic sites, where lighting was employed to enhance symbolic and artistic endeavors, such as creating cave art.

#### **Acoustics for Group Gatherings**
Acoustic assessments in the cavern demonstrated that the space had reverberation times akin to contemporary classrooms, rendering it conducive for effective communication and listening. This suggests that the area was deliberately selected for assemblies, potentially involving storytelling, music, or other communal rituals.

#### **Symbolic Animal Remains**
Although the cavern showed no traces of butchering activities, researchers identified a complete antler from a fallow deer. The lack of additional animal remains implies that this antler may have possessed symbolic or ritualistic significance, further substantiating the idea of the space being reserved for ceremonial purposes.

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### **The Greater Importance of Manot Cave**
The findings at Manot Cave enhance our comprehension of the cultural and symbolic practices of early humans. The carved turtle boulder, the innovative use of lighting, and the acoustic features of the cavern signify an advanced level of planning and symbolic reasoning. These behaviors are hallmarks of modern human cognitive development and offer crucial insights into how our ancestors communicated their beliefs and social connections.

Manot Cave also presents a unique viewpoint on the interactions between modern humans and Neanderthals. The artifacts from the site and the Manot 1 skull imply that this region was a melting pot of cultures and ideas during the Early Upper Paleolithic era. The ritualistic use of the deep cavern adds another dimension to this narrative, underscoring the spiritual and communal elements of life during that period.

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### **Conclusion**
The deep-cave compound in Manot Cave stands as a testament to the symbolic and social intricacies of early humans. From the carved turtle boulder to the thoughtfully implemented lighting and acoustics, every aspect of the space reflects a conscious effort to establish a venue for communal and ritualistic activities. As researchers continue to explore this extraordinary site, we can anticipate uncovering even more about the cultural and spiritual lives of our ancient ancestors.

“Apple Hit with Lawsuit by Thousands of Child Sex Abuse Survivors Over Claimed Shortcomings in CSAM Reporting”

### Apple Tackles Lawsuit Regarding Alleged Inaction on Child Sexual Abuse Material (CSAM)

Apple, a leading name in the technology industry, is currently confronting a class-action lawsuit from thousands of child sexual abuse survivors. The legal action claims that the tech powerhouse has failed to sufficiently identify and report child sexual abuse material (CSAM) on its platforms, especially iCloud. This matter has ignited a fiery discussion about the equilibrium between user privacy, corporate accountability, and the battle against online exploitation.

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### **Details of the Lawsuit and Its Claims**

The lawsuit, initiated on behalf of 2,680 survivors, asserts that Apple has disregarded its obligatory reporting responsibilities regarding CSAM, resulting in its platforms becoming a refuge for the spread of illegal material. The plaintiffs maintain that Apple’s choice to discontinue a contentious CSAM-scanning tool in 2023 has worsened the situation. This tool, which was intended to identify known CSAM on Apple devices, was removed following intense criticism from privacy defenders and digital rights organizations.

Apple justified its decision by pointing out concerns that this technology could be misappropriated for governmental surveillance or abused by malicious individuals. Nevertheless, survivors and their allies contend that this choice has left them susceptible to continuous harm, as images of their exploitation remain on Apple platforms.

One survivor recounted the experience as a “perpetual nightmare,” accusing Apple of choosing to “ignore” the issue. The lawsuit demands over $1.2 billion in damages and calls for Apple to enforce stringent measures to detect, eliminate, and report CSAM on its devices and services.

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### **Apple’s Reaction and Ongoing Initiatives**

In reply to the lawsuit, Apple released a statement reaffirming its dedication to fighting child exploitation. “Child sexual abuse material is intolerable, and we are determined to combat the methods predators use to jeopardize children,” a spokesperson commented. Apple underscored its current safety features, including Communication Safety, which alerts children when they receive or try to send content with nudity.

However, critics argue that these initiatives do not adequately tackle the primary issue: the increase of known CSAM on Apple platforms. Survivors have stated that they have been receiving alerts for years regarding the unceasing spread of their abuse images, which they claim has resulted in significant emotional and psychological distress.

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### **iCloud’s Role and Alleged Profit Motive**

The lawsuit further questions the role of iCloud, Apple’s cloud storage service, which the plaintiffs argue has transformed into a “major profit source” for the company. According to the lawsuit, child predators perceive iCloud as a secure location for storing CSAM, with Apple reporting significantly fewer cases of CSAM compared to other tech enterprises. In 2023, Apple disclosed only 267 known instances of CSAM, while four other major tech firms collectively filed over 32 million reports.

Survivors and their legal representatives contend that Apple’s purportedly lenient stance on CSAM detection has allowed the issue to persist, potentially escalating with the introduction of AI technologies that could considerably amplify the amount of unreported CSAM.

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### **Wider Consequences**

The lawsuit carries profound implications for both Apple and the broader tech sector. Should the plaintiffs prevail, Apple may be compelled to adopt more rigorous CSAM detection methods, possibly reinstating the controversial scanning tool or embracing alternative technologies. This scenario could establish a precedent for other technology firms, many of which already utilize mass-detection systems to counter CSAM.

However, legal experts warn that the case confronts considerable challenges. Apple may assert that its methods (or lack thereof) are protected under Section 230 of the Communications Decency Act, which shields tech companies from liability regarding user-generated content. Additionally, any court-mandated scanning protocols might raise Fourth Amendment issues, as these could be interpreted as unconstitutional searches of users’ private information.

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### **The Human Impact**

For survivors, the implications are intensely personal. Many have experienced years of trauma, including social isolation, depression, anxiety, and suicidal thoughts, stemming from their abuse and the persistent distribution of CSAM. Some have faced substantial medical and psychological costs, which they argue could have been alleviated if Apple had taken more decisive action.

One survivor shared with *The New York Times* that she lives in perpetual fear of being recognized by someone who has seen images of her exploitation. Another plaintiff accused Apple of breaching its commitment to safeguard victims, stating that the lack of action from the company has intensified her suffering.

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### **Demand for Accountability**

Margaret E. Mabie, an attorney representing the survivors, commended her clients for their bravery in coming forward. “Thousands of courageous survivors are stepping up to hold one of the most prosperous technology companies accountable,” Mabie stated in a press release. “Apple has not only declined to assist these victims, but it has also promoted the idea that it does not detect child sexual abuse material on its platform or devices, thus greatly exacerbating the ongoing harm to these individuals.”

The lawsuit has revitalized the conversation surrounding the obligations of technology companies.

“Google Attains One-Hour Stability for a Quantum Bit with Error Correction”

### Google’s Quantum Advancement: The Willow Processor and the Future of Logical Qubits

The quantum computing team at Google has achieved a notable milestone in quantum error correction, a pivotal stride toward unlocking the capabilities of quantum computing for intricate, real-world tasks. In a paper published in *Nature*, the team revealed that by dedicating an entire 105-qubit processor to a solitary logical qubit, they attained unparalleled stability, with the system sustaining quantum coherence for an average duration of one hour. This accomplishment highlights the potential of quantum error correction to facilitate the execution of complex algorithms that may take hours to accomplish.

Central to this progress is Google’s cutting-edge Willow processor, a 105-qubit chip marking the company’s first significant hardware upgrade in half a decade. This article delves into the ramifications of Google’s advancements in quantum error correction, the innovations behind the Willow processor, and the broader implications for the future of quantum computing.

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### **Quantum Error Correction: A Breakthrough in Stability**

Quantum computers are inherently vulnerable to errors due to the delicate nature of qubits, which are the essential units of quantum information. In contrast to classical bits, which can only be 0 or 1, qubits can inhabit superpositions of states, rendering them extremely sensitive to noise and external disturbances. Quantum error correction (QEC) is a method that alleviates these errors by encoding logical qubits with multiple physical qubits.

Google’s recent findings illustrate that augmenting the number of hardware qubits assigned to a logical qubit produces exponential enhancements in error correction. By expanding the size of the logical qubit—quantified by a term referred to as “distance”—the team realized a substantial decrease in error rates. For instance, transitioning the grid size from 3×3 to 5×5 and then to 7×7 led to a doubling of error suppression at each interval. This exponential error reduction is a pivotal achievement, as it indicates that Google’s hardware qubits have now attained a quality standard where larger logical qubits result in significant advantages.

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### **The Willow Processor: A New Chapter in Quantum Hardware**

The Willow processor marks the inaugural output from Google’s specialized fabrication facility for superconducting quantum processors. Previously, Google’s Sycamore devices were constructed in communal university cleanrooms, but the new facility enhances process control and facilitates experimentation with innovative designs.

A notable enhancement in the Willow processor is the increased size of individual qubits, rendering them less prone to noise. This design decision, coupled with enhanced fabrication techniques, has led to decreased error rates, enabling the QEC advancements highlighted in the *Nature* publication.

Moreover, the Willow processor employs a specific error correction code framework known as the surface code, which integrates well into the chip’s square grid configuration. This architecture permits scalable error correction, with the largest logical qubit (distance 15) capable of preserving quantum coherence for an average of one hour. This degree of stability signifies a considerable improvement over prior processors, which were susceptible to widespread errors attributed to factors such as cosmic ray impacts.

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### **Implications for Quantum Computing**

The capacity to uphold a stable logical qubit for an hour is transformative for quantum computing. It illustrates that quantum error correction can effectively counteract even infrequent and widespread errors, laying the groundwork for executing complex algorithms necessitating extended runtimes. Additionally, the exponential enhancements in error mitigation indicate that further developments in hardware will yield even more substantial benefits. For example, Google projects that doubling hardware performance at a distance of 15 would diminish logical qubit errors by a factor of 250, while the same upgrade at a distance of 27 would result in a 10,000-fold decrease.

Nonetheless, challenges persist. Logical qubits, despite being more robust than individual hardware qubits, are not entirely free from errors. Rare incidents, like localized spikes in error rates or widespread disturbances impacting multiple qubits, continue to present obstacles. Google’s team recognizes that additional efforts are required to characterize and address these concerns.

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### **The Path Forward**

Google’s advancements with the Willow processor and quantum error correction signify a crucial step toward the realization of practical quantum computing. The team’s success in demonstrating exponential error suppression and long-term stability for logical qubits confirms the viability of scaling quantum systems to confront real-world challenges.

Looking forward, the emphasis will transition to increasing the number of logical qubits and further enhancing their stability. Complex algorithms, such as those utilized in cryptography, material science, and optimization, will necessitate hundreds or even thousands of logical qubits. Reaching this level of scalability will hinge on ongoing improvements in hardware design, fabrication, and error correction strategies.

As Google’s Michael Newman aptly remarked, “We woke up one morning and we kind of got these results and we were like, wow, this is going to work. This is really it.” While much work remains, the exponential gains demonstrated by the Willow processor imply that the vision of practical quantum computing is nearer than ever.

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### **Conclusion**

Google’s strides in quantum error correction

TikTok Cautions that American Companies May Encounter a $1 Billion Deficit in a Month if the Platform is Prohibited

### TikTok’s Legal Struggle Against a Possible US Ban: What’s at Stake?

As TikTok confronts the imminent risk of a US ban, the widely-used social media platform is initiating a vigorous legal and public relations offensive to safeguard its future. The implications are significant—not just for TikTok’s parent entity, ByteDance, but also for millions of users, small enterprises, and content creators who depend on the platform. With a January 19 deadline approaching for ByteDance to divest from TikTok or encounter a ban, the company has resorted to legal channels and the Supreme Court in a final attempt to postpone the law’s implementation.

### The Legal Challenge: First Amendment and Economic Consequences

TikTok’s main argument is rooted in the First Amendment, contending that the ban would violate the free speech rights of its 170 million American users. In an emergency motion submitted earlier this week, TikTok sought a temporary injunction to prevent the law from being enforced, allowing time for the Supreme Court to examine its legality. The company contends that a ban would cause irreparable damage not only to TikTok but also to its extensive user community, which includes small businesses and creators who rely on the platform for their livelihoods.

According to TikTok, the economic repercussions of a ban would be catastrophic. The company estimates that small businesses on TikTok could lose upwards of $1 billion in revenue within just one month, while creators might suffer nearly $300 million in lost income. TikTok itself stands to face a substantial financial blow, potentially losing 29% of its advertising earnings and a third or more of its user base.

### The Government’s Position: National Security Issues

Conversely, the US government maintains its stance that TikTok presents a national security threat due to its ownership by ByteDance, a Chinese company. The Justice Department has asserted that the courts have previously dismissed TikTok’s constitutional arguments and that no additional consideration is required. In a letter opposing TikTok’s request, the DOJ underscored the urgency of resolving the security issues, recommending that the court deny the injunction to give the Supreme Court sufficient time to evaluate the case.

### A Global Ripple Effect

TikTok has cautioned that a US ban would result in extensive consequences beyond the nation’s borders. The company argues that “tens of millions” of international users could face service interruptions if TikTok is compelled to disconnect from its US audience. This possible fragmentation of its global user base could have lasting effects on TikTok’s sustainability as a platform, even if the company ultimately succeeds in court.

### The Trump Factor: A Political Wild Card

Complicating matters further is the transition to the Donald Trump administration, which has previously shown support for TikTok during his campaign. TikTok has indicated that Trump could potentially opt to “rescue” the platform, making the legal contention irrelevant. This prospect has led TikTok to assert that granting an injunction now would avert unnecessary emergency litigation at the Supreme Court level, especially during the holiday season.

### What’s Next?

The court is anticipated to rule on TikTok’s request for an injunction by December 16, with the government planning to submit its response shortly. If the injunction is rejected, TikTok intends to elevate the issue to the Supreme Court. In the meantime, the company continues to stress the wider implications of a ban, portraying the situation as not merely a business dilemma but a crucial issue of free speech and economic prospects for millions of Americans.

### The Bigger Picture

For TikTok users, the resolution of this legal dispute could dictate whether the platform continues to be a fundamental aspect of digital culture and commerce in the US. For TikTok itself, the conflict is fundamentally existential. Loss of access to the US market would not only devastate its earnings but also diminish its global prominence. As the deadline nears, the stakes have never been higher, and the outcome remains unpredictable.

Whether through legal avenues or political action, TikTok’s future is precariously positioned. For now, all attention is focused on the ongoing legal cases and the incoming Trump administration, both of which may significantly influence the destiny of one of the globe’s most beloved social media platforms.

Presenting Hyperlight: Ars Technica’s Improved and More Luminous “Light” Mode

### Ars Technica Launches “Hyperlight” Mode: A Fresh Visual Style for Enhanced User Experience

In response to user suggestions, Ars Technica has introduced a new visual theme known as **”Hyperlight” mode**, aimed at readers who seek an even brighter interface for improved visual comfort. This recent addition broadens the site’s customization options, giving users more control over their browsing experience.

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### The Progression of Visual Modes at Ars Technica

Like numerous contemporary websites, Ars Technica has traditionally provided both “Light” and “Dark” modes to meet differing user preferences. These modes are crafted to improve readability and alleviate eye strain, depending on the viewing environment. However, following a recent redesign, some readers voiced a wish for a lighter variant of the existing “Light” mode. For some, this represented a personal choice, while for others, it fulfilled particular visual comfort requirements.

To address this request, the Ars Technica team dedicated the last month to developing **Hyperlight mode**, a fresh theme that emphasizes brightness. Featuring a white background, light gray headline boxes, and black text, Hyperlight mode aims to deliver a crisp, high-contrast reading experience.

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### An Overview of Ars Technica’s Visual Modes

With the launch of Hyperlight, Ars Technica now presents four unique visual styles:

1. **Hyperlight Mode**: The brightest alternative, boasting a white background and black text for optimal clarity and contrast.
2. **Day & Night Mode**: A revamped iteration of the original “Light mode,” mixing light and dark elements for a harmonious aesthetic.
3. **Dark Mode**: A complete dark theme with light text, perfect for low-light situations or for users who prefer a toned-down interface.
4. **System Mode**: This mode automatically alternates between Day & Night and Dark modes based on the user’s operating system configuration. Importantly, System mode does not feature Hyperlight.

Users can conveniently switch between these modes through the visual style menu found in the site’s navigation bar.

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### What’s the Appeal of Hyperlight Mode?

For numerous readers, Hyperlight mode is not merely about visual appeal—it’s about comfort. While darker themes are frequently lauded for minimizing eye strain in dim environments, some users find brighter themes more legible, especially in well-lit conditions. Hyperlight mode caters to this demographic, ensuring that Ars Technica remains accessible and enjoyable for everyone.

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### Looking Forward: What Lies Ahead for Ars Technica?

Ars Technica’s dedication to user feedback does not conclude with Hyperlight mode. The team has suggested plans to introduce **retro-themed visual styles** in 2025, which will be available exclusively to subscribers. These themes are anticipated to provide a nostalgic flair to the site’s interface, attracting long-time readers and enthusiasts of vintage design.

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### Reasons to Subscribe to Ars Technica

As Ars Technica continues to innovate and enhance its services, the site encourages readers to contemplate subscribing. For only $25 per year, subscribers gain access to a variety of benefits, including:

– **Ad-free browsing**: Experience a cleaner, faster platform free of ads and trackers.
– **Exclusive viewing options**: Unlock subscriber-only themes and functionalities.
– **Full-text RSS feeds and PDF downloads**: Ideal for offline reading or archiving purposes.
– **Support for quality journalism**: Subscriptions contribute to maintaining Ars Technica’s fully unionized staff in an era when journalism confronts growing challenges.

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### Concluding Thoughts

The rollout of Hyperlight mode highlights Ars Technica’s commitment to improving user experience. By providing a wide array of visual styles, the site guarantees that readers can customize their browsing experience according to their individual preferences and requirements. Whether you’re inclined towards bright, high-contrast themes or favor a darker, more muted interface, Ars Technica has something for you.

With the holiday season approaching, now is an excellent opportunity to discover these new features and consider supporting the site through a subscription. With more thrilling updates on the way, Ars Technica continues to lead the way in innovation and user-focused design within the digital publishing realm.