# Starlink’s Direct-to-Cell Communication Service: FCC Approval, Obstacles, and Future Considerations
SpaceX’s Starlink satellite system has made a noteworthy advancement in its goal to close connectivity gaps around the globe. In January 2024, the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) granted partial authorization for Starlink to deliver cellular service directly to mobile devices, referred to as Supplemental Coverage from Space (SCS). This development could potentially eradicate cellular blind spots, enhance emergency communications, and augment connectivity to isolated and disadvantaged regions. Nonetheless, the approval comes with stipulations, and certain components of the application are still under examination. Here’s an in-depth look at the implications for the future of satellite-driven mobile communication.
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## **What is Starlink Direct-to-Cell?**
Starlink’s direct-to-cell service seeks to provide telecommunication connectivity to mobile devices through its second-generation (Gen2) satellites. This innovation allows mobile phones to connect straight to satellites, eliminating the reliance on traditional ground-based cell towers. The service proves particularly advantageous in locales where ground networks are non-existent, including rural areas, remote islands, and even vast oceanic expanses.
In collaboration with T-Mobile, Starlink aims to initiate texting services in 2024, with voice and data functionalities anticipated to follow in 2025. Users will be able to utilize their current devices to access cellular services, making the need for special equipment unnecessary.
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## **FCC Approval and Stipulations**
The recent ruling from the FCC grants SpaceX the permission to provide SCS within the United States, covering the continental U.S., Alaska, Hawaii, and Puerto Rico. The authorization also includes operations outside the U.S., contingent on SpaceX obtaining consent from the relevant governments. The service will function on designated frequency bands, such as 1910–1915 MHz (Earth-to-space) and 1990–1995 MHz (space-to-Earth), per a leasing arrangement with T-Mobile.
However, the FCC has imposed several stipulations on the authorization:
1. **Spectrum Coordination:** Starlink is required to collaborate with other spectrum users to avoid detrimental interference. Should interference occur, Starlink must halt transmissions at once.
2. **Adherence to Emission Limits:** The FCC delayed a decision on SpaceX’s request to surpass out-of-band emission (OOBE) standards, aimed at preventing disruptions to terrestrial mobile networks. For the time being, Starlink must adhere to current OOBE regulations.
3. **Mitigation of Orbital Debris:** SpaceX must cooperate with NASA to ensure the safety of the International Space Station (ISS) and various space missions. The FCC has also stressed the significance of minimizing collision risks and reducing long-term orbital debris.
4. **Monitoring and Assessment:** The FCC will persist in overseeing Starlink’s operations, particularly with regard to interference, orbital debris, and effects on optical astronomy.
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## **Eliminating Cellular Blind Spots**
Starlink’s direct-to-cell service fundamentally aims to eradicate cellular dead zones—areas where terrestrial networks are unable to deliver service. This capability holds profound ramifications for emergency services, as individuals in remote locales can reach out to 911 through calls or texts during critical moments. For instance, Starlink has already showcased its potential by supplying emergency connectivity in hurricane-stricken areas.
Ben Longmier, the senior director of satellite engineering at SpaceX, underscored the service’s transformative capabilities. “Any telecommunications provider that partners with Starlink Direct to Cell can eliminate cellular dead zones across their entire country for text and data services,” he declared. This encompasses coverage for coastal waterways and marine territories that are frequently neglected by conventional networks.
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## **Obstacles and Opposition**
Despite its potential, Starlink’s direct-to-cell service encounters several challenges:
1. **Regulatory Issues:** The FCC’s choice to postpone action on SpaceX’s OOBE waiver request highlights persistent worries about interference with terrestrial networks. Major telecom corporations like AT&T and Verizon have contested the waiver, claiming it could impair their mobile broadband services.
2. **Technical Constraints:** SpaceX has recognized that adherence to current emission standards may impede real-time communications such as voice and video calls. This limitation could compromise the service’s dependability in urgent circumstances.
3. **Competitive Landscape and Collaboration:** Other satellite organizations, including EchoStar and Omnispace, have raised apprehensions regarding Starlink’s intentions. The competitive environment for satellite-based mobile services is becoming more saturated, making collaboration with terrestrial telecom providers crucial for success.
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## **Growing the Starlink Constellation**
To support its direct-to-cell service, SpaceX is launching a new generation of satellites with cellular functionalities. Among the over 2,600 Gen2 satellites presently in orbit, around 320 are specifically intended for direct-to-smartphone communication. The FCC has permitted SpaceX to maneuver up to 7,500 Gen2 satellites at altitudes ranging from 340 km to 360 km, in addition to previously allowed
