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Researchers Create Technique for Producing Electricity from Styrofoam and Wind

# RMIT University Researchers Uncover Method to Generate Electricity from Styrofoam

### Introduction

Styrofoam, a material typically regarded as an ecological challenge due to its non-biodegradable characteristics, has recently been found to possess unexpected potential as a renewable energy source. A team of researchers at RMIT University in Australia has formulated an innovative technique to extract electricity from Styrofoam, transforming an ecological liability into a source of sustainable energy. This significant advancement could not only aid in waste reduction but also provide an economical, low-effort means of electricity generation.

### The Styrofoam Conundrum

Styrofoam, or expanded polystyrene (EPS), is extensively utilized in packaging, thermal insulation, and single-use food containers. Nevertheless, it is infamously difficult to recycle and can require as much as 500 years to break down in landfills. Its lightweight and robust properties render it a longstanding pollutant, exacerbating environmental damage and littering habitats. The finding by the researchers at RMIT University presents a novel approach to repurposing this troublesome material, potentially mitigating its ecological footprint.

### The Science Behind the Breakthrough

The cornerstone of electricity generation from Styrofoam is the **triboelectric effect**, a phenomenon where specific materials either gain or lose electrons upon contact. This phenomenon is commonly experienced as static electricity, such as the sensation felt when rubbing a balloon on hair or shuffling across a carpet and subsequently touching a metal doorknob. While static electricity is usually harmless and often overlooked in daily activities, the researchers at RMIT recognized an opportunity to utilize it for energy generation.

### Mechanism of Action

The RMIT research team created patches made from **polystyrene**, the very substance found in Styrofoam, which produce static electricity when subjected to moving air. These patches are strategically placed in locations with natural airflow, such as within heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems. As air circulates through these systems, it generates friction with the polystyrene patches, thus producing small yet continuous streams of static electricity.

This produced electricity can then be harvested and transformed into usable power. Although the volume of electricity generated is modest, it suffices to help alleviate the energy demands of the HVAC systems, enhancing their energy efficiency.

### Potential Applications and Advantages

The prospective uses of this technology are immense. By situating Styrofoam patches in areas of natural air movement, such as within buildings, factories, or vehicles, small quantities of electricity could be generated consistently without requiring elaborate infrastructure or conventional energy sources like fossil fuels. This method could contribute to lowering energy expenses and bolster sustainability initiatives.

Some potential advantages of this technology include:

1. **Waste Reduction**: Bypassing Styrofoam as a renewable energy resource addresses the disposal waste issue. Instead of being sent to landfills, Styrofoam could find a practical use.

2. **Affordability in Energy Production**: The process involved in generating electricity from Styrofoam is relatively straightforward and cost-effective, making it appealing for budget-friendly energy generation.

3. **Enhanced Energy Efficiency**: By incorporating this technology into HVAC systems, structures could become significantly more energy-efficient, diminishing their total energy usage and carbon emissions.

4. **Eco-Friendly Approach**: This method of power generation is independent of conventional resources such as coal, oil, or natural gas, and it does not necessitate the establishment of large-scale power stations. It provides a sustainable option that could supplement other renewables such as solar and wind.

### Challenges and Constraints

Despite the promising nature of this discovery, there are still hurdles to surmount for broader implementation. The scale of electricity produced by Styrofoam patches is relatively limited, rendering it improbable to energize entire cities or major industrial enterprises. Nonetheless, it could be adopted for smaller applications, such as supplying power to individual buildings or compensating for the energy use of particular systems like HVAC units.

Moreover, the technology is still in the development phase, and further investigation is needed to enhance its efficacy and scalability. The RMIT team is actively looking for methods to boost the energy output of the polystyrene patches and to identify new domains where the technology could be employed.

### A Progression Toward a Sustainable Tomorrow

The revelation of electricity generation from Styrofoam marks a considerable advancement toward a more sustainable future. It introduces an innovative means to repurpose a material long deemed an environmental liability, thus transforming it into a renewable energy source. While this may not completely replace conventional energy sources, it could significantly contribute to waste reduction and energy efficiency.

As global efforts to mitigate climate change and lessen dependency on fossil fuels persist, innovations like this one inspire optimism for a cleaner, greener future. By creatively reimagining everyday materials, researchers are paving the way for a more sustainable planet.

### Conclusion

The RMIT University team’s finding regarding electricity generation from Styrofoam represents a groundbreaking advancement in renewable energy.

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“The COROS PACE Pro: A Top Contender in Mid-Range Running Timepieces”

# COROS PACE Pro vs. Garmin Fenix 8 and Polar H10: GPS and Heart Rate Precision Examination

The COROS PACE Pro has stirred interest in the realm of fitness watches, particularly due to its claim of enhanced GPS and heart rate (HR) precision. Featuring a new satellite chipset, a revamped GPS antenna, and an optimized watch frame for superior HR monitoring, COROS is setting its sights on rivaling established leaders such as Garmin and Polar. To determine if the PACE Pro meets expectations, I compared it with the **Garmin Fenix 8** and the **Polar H10** chest strap, both of which are highly regarded in fitness tracking.

## Notable Attributes of the COROS PACE Pro

While the standout aspect of the PACE Pro is its **AMOLED display**, it also includes several advancements compared to its predecessor, the PACE 3:
– **Advanced satellite chipset** for heightened GPS precision
– **Reimagined GPS antenna** for improved signal quality
– **Enhanced watch frame design** for more precise heart rate tracking
– **Quicker CPU** and **extended battery lifespan**
– **Larger buttons** and **superior maps**

Nevertheless, the enhancements that matter most to me are the precision improvements. In earlier evaluations, the PACE 3 did not match the Garmin Forerunner 165 in GPS and HR precision. With the PACE Pro, COROS intends to run alongside more premium running watches such as the **Garmin Forerunner 265**, **Suunto Race**, and **Polar Vantage M3**.

## Evaluation Methodology

To gauge the PACE Pro’s precision, I conducted multiple assessments:
1. **Extended runs** in areas with weak signals
2. **Track runs** at near-maximum heart rates
3. **Hikes under tree cover** with notable elevation shifts

I evaluated the PACE Pro’s outcomes against the **Garmin Fenix 8** and the **Polar H10 chest strap**. The Fenix 8 is recognized for its multi-band GPS, providing a reliable benchmark for the PACE Pro.

### GPS Precision Assessment Outcomes

The PACE Pro excelled in GPS precision assessments, frequently aligning closely with the Garmin Fenix 8. Below is a summary of the GPS assessment outcomes:

| **Activity** | **COROS PACE Pro** | **Garmin Fenix 8** |
|————————|——————–|——————–|
| 10/27 (run) | 7.00 miles | 7.01 miles |
| 10/31 (jog) | 3.02 miles | 3.01 miles |
| 10/31 (track run) | 3,240 meters | 3,210 meters |
| 11/2 (run) | 12.01 miles | 12.03 miles |
| 11/6 (jog) | 3.12 miles | 3.11 miles |
| 11/6 (track run) | 3,220 meters | 3,240 meters |
| 11/7 (hike) | 8.58 miles, 672m ascent | 8.60 miles, 676m ascent |

The PACE Pro reliably recorded distances with minimal deviation from the Fenix 8. For instance, during a 12-mile run, the PACE Pro reported 12.01 miles, while the Fenix 8 logged 12.03 miles — a minor difference. In more challenging settings such as hikes laden with trees, the PACE Pro maintained its accuracy, showing only slight discrepancies in distance and elevation gain.

### Heart Rate Precision Assessment Outcomes

For heart rate precision, I compared the PACE Pro to the **Polar H10 chest strap**, which is commonly acknowledged as one of the most precise HR monitors on the market. Below is a summary of the HR precision outcomes:

| **Activity** | **COROS PACE Pro** | **Garmin Fenix 8 / Polar H10** |
|————————|——————–|——————————-|
| 11/6 (jog) | 146 bpm / 157 max | 146 bpm / 158 max |
| 11/6 (track) | 172 bpm / 185 max | 174 bpm / 186 max |
| 11/7 (hike) | 130 bpm / 170 max | 129 bpm / 171 max |

The PACE Pro performed admirably in the majority of activities, remaining within 1–2 bpm of the Polar H10 during steady-state runs and hikes. However, in more vigorous activities such as track workouts, the PACE Pro faced challenges in adapting to swift changes in

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My Journey Shifting from the iPhone 14 Pro to the iPhone 16 Plus: Obstacles and Reflections

# iPhone 16 Plus Upgrade: 2 Suggestions to Consider if You Wish to Bypass the Pro

Transitioning to a new iPhone is always thrilling, but it can also feel a bit daunting, particularly when choosing between the Pro and standard models. With the introduction of the iPhone 16 series, numerous users are pondering whether they truly require the additional features of the Pro models or if the basic iPhone 16 or iPhone 16 Plus would be adequate.

Having spent over a month with the iPhone 16 Plus, I can assert that the transition from my iPhone 14 Pro was worthwhile, despite some early hesitations. In this article, I will outline two crucial factors to assess if you’re thinking about switching from a Pro model to the iPhone 16 or 16 Plus. These factors will assist you in determining if you can do without the Pro functionalities or if it’s best to remain with the premium models.

## 1. The Camera: Is Zoom Really Essential?

A notable distinction between the iPhone 16 Pro and the standard iPhone 16 models is the camera system. The Pro variants come with a 12-megapixel tetraprism zoom camera capable of up to 5x optical zoom, whereas the iPhone 16 and 16 Plus maintain a dual-camera layout devoid of advanced zoom features.

If you frequently utilize the zoom functionality on your current iPhone, this may be a crucial factor. However, after upgrading from the iPhone 14 Pro, which included a 3x optical zoom, to the iPhone 16 Plus, I discovered that I didn’t miss the zoom as much as anticipated. In fact, my use of the zoom on my previous phone was rare, and the dual-camera arrangement on the iPhone 16 Plus has more than fulfilled my photography requirements.

Before reaching a conclusion, I advise evaluating how often you use the zoom feature on your current device. If it turns out that you seldom use it, you might not require the additional camera enhancements offered by the Pro models. Conversely, if zoom photography plays a significant role in your mobile experience, you may want to consider the iPhone 16 Pro or Pro Max.

Moreover, the Pro models provide additional camera advantages such as Night Mode portraits, Apple ProRaw, Log video recording, and a four-mic array for superior audio capture. These features are excellent for professional photographers and videographers, but for the everyday user, the standard iPhone 16 camera system will likely suffice.

## 2. The Display: Can You Manage Without 120Hz?

Another major distinction between the Pro and non-Pro iPhones is the display. The iPhone 16 Pro models are equipped with a 120Hz ProMotion display, delivering smoother scrolling and animations compared to the 60Hz display on the iPhone 16 and 16 Plus. The ProMotion display also offers Always-On functionality, keeping vital information visible even when the phone is not active.

At first sight, switching from a 120Hz display to a 60Hz one may seem like a notable downgrade. However, I found the change to be less disruptive than anticipated. In fact, I had already deactivated the Always-On display on my iPhone 14 Pro to extend battery life, and I had adjusted the refresh rate to 60Hz for similar reasons. Thus, moving to the iPhone 16 Plus’s 60Hz display felt seamless, and I hardly noticed any significant change in everyday usage.

If you’re uncertain about your ability to forgo the 120Hz display, try this experiment: Access your iPhone’s settings to disable the Always-On display and switch the refresh rate to 60Hz. Use your device this way for a few days and observe if you perceive any significant differences. If the 60Hz display doesn’t bother you, then the iPhone 16 or 16 Plus may be a suitable option. If you realize that you miss the fluidity of the 120Hz display, then the Pro models may justify the additional expense.

It’s also important to mention that the ProMotion display adjusts its refresh rate dynamically based on user activity. This means that even on a Pro model, the display isn’t perpetually operating at 120Hz—it will only increase when optimal, such as during gaming or browsing content.

## Conclusion: Is the iPhone 16 Plus Satisfactory?

In the end, the choice between the iPhone 16/16 Plus and the Pro models hinges on your individual preferences and usage habits. If you are someone who appreciates advanced camera features and a high-refresh-rate display, the Pro models are probably worth the purchase. However, if you can manage without these enhancements, the iPhone 16 and 16 Plus should meet your needs.

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Apple Vision Pro 2 Anticipated to Release Between Autumn 2025 and Spring 2026, Based on Gurman’s Insights

### The Future of Apple’s Vision Pro: Anticipations for the Second Generation

In the swiftly changing world of augmented and virtual reality, Apple is progressing notably with its Vision Pro headset. As reported in the latest Power On newsletter by Mark Gurman of Bloomberg, the second generation of the Apple Vision Pro is expected to be released between fall 2025 and spring 2026. This timeline is consistent with prior reports, though it presents a somewhat more cautious perspective on the release timeline.

#### Delays and Emphasis on Enhancements

Recent information from supply chain analyst Ming-Chi Kuo suggests that Apple has deferred its plans for a more budget-friendly Apple Vision headset. Instead, the focus has shifted to the development of the Vision Pro 2, which is anticipated for launch next year. This strategic decision highlights Apple’s dedication to advancing its flagship product instead of diluting its image with less expensive alternatives.

One of the most prominent enhancements in the Vision Pro 2 will be the switch from the M2 chip to the anticipated M5 chip. This upgrade promises a significant boost in performance, resolving concerns that the original Vision Pro, which retails at $3,500, seemed outdated soon after its release due to the swift rollout of the M3 and M4 chips. The timing of the M5 chip’s launch is pivotal, as it is expected to align with the debut of the first Macs featuring the same technology, ensuring that the Vision Pro 2 stays competitive in performance metrics.

#### Consistent Design with Internal Advancements

While users can look forward to a marked improvement in performance, the design of the Vision Pro 2 is likely to remain mostly consistent with that of its predecessor. Reports indicate that at least one version of the second-generation headset will closely mirror the existing model, with the primary upgrades occurring inside. This strategy allows Apple to preserve a familiar look while providing state-of-the-art technology.

#### Software Advancements to Enrich User Experience

With the annulment of plans for a lower-priced headset, Apple is concentrating on crafting captivating software features to maintain the Vision Pro’s market appeal. Recently, Apple launched new Wide and Ultra Wide display options for Mac Virtual Display in visionOS 2.2, which have received favorable feedback from users. These software advancements are crucial for sustaining user engagement and showcasing the adaptability of the Vision Pro ecosystem.

#### The Future Landscape for Apple Vision

As Apple gears up for the introduction of the Vision Pro 2, the excitement among tech enthusiasts and consumers is evident. The combination of a powerful new chip, a known design, and innovative software features positions the Vision Pro 2 as a significant development in mixed reality headsets.

The lingering question is: Are consumers eager about the future of Apple Vision? As the release date draws near, it will be intriguing to observe how Apple continues to innovate and inspire its audience’s imagination.

#### Conclusion

The Apple Vision Pro 2 is set to become a major contender in the mixed reality market, thanks to its anticipated performance enhancements and consistent design. As Apple zeroes in on software improvements, the company aims to build a compelling user experience that will keep the Vision Pro relevant and sought-after. The tech community is keenly awaiting further announcements and developments as the launch date approaches.

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Japanese researchers create hybrid cells combining plant and animal traits that can generate energy from sunlight.

### Japanese Researchers Develop Solar-Powered Hybrid Cells: A Game-Changer for Lab-Cultivated Meat and Organs

A team of scientists in Japan has achieved a remarkable breakthrough that has the potential to transform biotechnology and food science. A recent study published in the *Proceedings of the Japan Academy, Series B* reveals that researchers have successfully created tissues powered by solar energy, utilizing plant-animal hybrid cells. This pioneering method could greatly enhance the manufacturing of lab-cultivated meat and even human organs for transplantation purposes.

#### The Science Behind the Innovation

At the heart of this discovery is the combination of plant and animal cells. Generally, plants obtain energy via photosynthesis, a process that transforms sunlight into chemical energy, while animals generate energy through mitochondria via cellular respiration. The goal of the researchers was to merge these two energy-generation processes by incorporating chloroplasts—organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants—into animal cells.

In their study, the team utilized cells from hamsters and sought to cultivate them alongside chloroplasts extracted from plant cells. The aim was to create hybrid cells capable of harnessing sunlight for energy in a manner akin to plants. After two days of cultivation, the researchers analyzed the cells for indications of chlorophyll, the pigment involved in capturing light during photosynthesis.

#### An Unexpected Victory

To their surprise, the researchers discovered that the hamster cells had accepted the chloroplasts. Utilizing a specialized laser, they confirmed the existence of chlorophyll within the animal cells. Additional tests using amplitude modulation fluorometry indicated that the chloroplasts were actively engaging in photosynthesis inside the animal cells. This achievement marked the inaugural instance of integrating photosynthetic electron transport into animal cells.

Even more astonishing was the finding that these solar-powered hybrid cells exhibited faster growth rates compared to conventional hamster cells. This hints that the introduction of chloroplasts might boost cellular growth, a revelation that could hold substantial implications across various scientific disciplines.

#### Potential Implications: Cultivated Meat and Organ Development

The success of this experiment opens a plethora of exciting opportunities for the future of biotechnology. One of the most immediate applications could relate to lab-cultured meat production. Traditional methods of growing meat in laboratory settings typically depend on supplying external nutrients to the cells, which can be both costly and resource-intensive. However, if cells can autonomously generate energy through photosynthesis, it could significantly diminish the reliance on external resources, making lab-cultivated meat more sustainable and economical.

Additionally, this novel approach could lead to advancements in regenerative medicine. The capability to produce tissues and organs more efficiently could significantly alleviate the global shortage of transplantable organs. Researchers have been pursuing methods to grow functional human tissues in lab settings, and this discovery could be a significant step toward achieving that aim.

#### A New Era in Biotechnology

Professor Sachihiro Matsunaga, one of the study’s authors, underscored the importance of this breakthrough: “This is the first occurrence of photosynthetic electron transport in chloroplasts being integrated into animal cells,” Matsunaga shared with *New Atlas*. The researchers are optimistic that this innovation could enhance prospects for organ cultivation and the production of lab-grown meat, both of which are fields of intense scientific focus.

Creating solar-powered tissues may have broader implications for sustainability as well. As the planet grapples with the environmental repercussions of conventional agriculture and meat production, lab-cultivated meat presents a promising alternative. Should these hybrid cells be scaled for commercial utilization, they could contribute to lower the carbon footprint associated with food production and foster a more sustainable future.

#### Obstacles and Future Research

Despite the encouraging outcomes of this study, numerous challenges remain before solar-powered tissues can become widely adopted. A significant obstacle lies in ensuring the longevity and functionality of chloroplasts within animal cells over extended periods. Moreover, researchers must investigate how these hybrid cells perform within more complex tissue constructs and whether they can be safely utilized in humans.

Further inquiry is also necessary to establish how this technology might be applied to various cells and tissues. For instance, can human cells be engineered to include chloroplasts, or is this technique confined to specific animal species? These questions will demand attention in forthcoming studies.

#### Conclusion

The creation of solar-powered hybrid cells signifies a pivotal achievement in the realms of biotechnology, regenerative medicine, and food science. By merging the energy-producing attributes of plants with the cellular functions of animals, researchers are unveiling new avenues for sustainable meat production and organ development. Although much work remains ahead, this breakthrough offers a vision of a future where lab-cultivated meat and organs can be generated more effectively and sustainably.

As researchers continue to probe the potential of this technology, we stand on the brink of a transformative era where the distinctions between plant and animal cells may merge, paving the way for innovations that could drastically change both medical and agricultural landscapes.

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Comparison between the Samsung Galaxy S25 and Google Pixel 9: Main Differences and Attributes

# Samsung Galaxy S25 vs. Google Pixel 9: Potential Comparison

The Samsung Galaxy S25 has not yet been released, but with its anticipated launch in early 2025, many are beginning to ponder how it will measure up against the currently available Google Pixel 9. Both smartphones represent the top-tier offerings from two leading Android brands, each possessing unique advantages. While we lack definitive information about the Galaxy S25 for now, we can make some informed predictions based on circulating rumors and leaks. Here’s a comparison of how the Galaxy S25 might relate to the Pixel 9 regarding design, specifications, performance, and features.

## Samsung Galaxy S25 vs. Google Pixel 9: Design and Display

### Samsung Galaxy S25
– **Screen Size**: Allegedly 6.36 inches, which is marginally larger than the Galaxy S24’s 6.2-inch screen.
– **Display**: Set to include an M13 OLED screen with a 120Hz refresh rate and brightness peaking at 2,600 nits.
– **Build**: Expected to utilize an armor aluminum structure along with Gorilla Glass Victus 2 for enhanced durability, akin to the Galaxy S24. The Ultra version might even incorporate a titanium frame.
– **Design**: Leaked images propose a flat design with rounded corners, reminiscent of the Galaxy S24, and potentially a built-in S Pen for the Ultra model.
– **Colors**: Rumored color options include Moon Night Blue, Silver Shadow, Sparkling Blue, and Sparkling Green.

### Google Pixel 9
– **Screen Size**: Measures 6.3 inches, almost matching the speculated dimensions of the Galaxy S25.
– **Display**: Features an Actual OLED display with a resolution of 2,424 x 1,080, offering a refresh rate between 60-120Hz and peak brightness of 2,700 nits.
– **Build**: Showcases a polished back paired with a satin metal frame, Gorilla Glass Victus 2, and an IP68 rating for water and dust resistance.
– **Design**: Rounded edges with a square design make it easy to hold, as noted in reviews.
– **Colors**: Offered in Obsidian, Porcelain, Wintergreen, and Peony.

### Verdict
Both devices are anticipated to have comparable sizes and display quality, with the Galaxy S25 possibly presenting a marginally larger screen. The Pixel 9 already features an outstanding display, and the Galaxy S25 is likely to match or surpass it in brightness and refresh rate. In terms of design, both smartphones promise high-end builds utilizing robust materials, although the Galaxy S25 might gain an advantage with its rumored S Pen functionality.

## Samsung Galaxy S25 vs. Google Pixel 9: Performance and Features

### Samsung Galaxy S25
– **Processor**: Expected to come equipped with the Snapdragon 8 Elite chipset, which could potentially deliver significant performance gains with its Oryon cores. Alternatively, certain models may include Samsung’s own Exynos processors.
– **RAM**: While not officially verified, it is likely to match or exceed the Galaxy S24’s 8GB or 12GB configurations.
– **Storage**: Anticipated to provide options of 128GB and 256GB for storage, similar to the Galaxy S24.
– **Battery**: Supposed to house a 5,000mAh battery with possible AI features designed to prolong battery life by up to 10%.
– **Operating System**: To debut with Android 15 and Samsung’s One UI 7, expected to feature noteworthy visual and functional enhancements.
– **AI Integration**: Likely to showcase upgraded AI capabilities, including better parental controls and battery-saving functionalities.

### Google Pixel 9
– **Processor**: Driven by the Google Tensor G4 chipset, which delivers impressive performance for multitasking, gaming, and AI tasks.
– **RAM**: Comes equipped with 12GB of RAM, ensuring seamless performance even with resource-intensive applications.
– **Storage**: Offered in 128GB and 256GB options, though not expandable.
– **Battery**: Contains a 4,700mAh battery with an Extreme Battery Saver mode capable of extending usage for up to four days. However, it has a maximum charging speed of 27W, which some users might find slow.
– **Operating System**: Initially ships with Android 14 but can be upgraded to Android 15. Google guarantees seven years of OS and security updates, which is a major advantage.
– **AI Integration**: Utilizing Google Gemini, the Pixel 9 features enhanced AI tools like Magic Editor, Magic Eraser, and Best Take for photography, along with improvements to Google Assistant.

### Verdict
The Galaxy S25 is projected to include a more potent chipset, particularly if it incorporates the Snapdragon 8 Elite, providing it a potential edge in performance against the Pixel 9.

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Apple Anticipated to Refresh All Mac Models Featuring M4 Chip for the First Time in More Than Ten Years

# Apple’s M4 Chip: A New Era for Mac Computers

For the first time in over a decade, Apple is set to refresh every single Mac model with its upcoming M4 chip, provided the latest rumors are accurate. This remarkable shift marks a significant change in Apple’s strategy for its Mac range, as the company hasn’t managed a complete revamp of all models in one cycle since 2013.

## Recent Announcements

Last week, Apple introduced its first Macs that feature the M4 chip, including the **MacBook Pro**, **iMac**, and **Mac mini**. These upgrades come with an array of exceptional features, such as improved Thunderbolt ports, choices for nano-texture displays, and enhanced Center Stage cameras. These advancements not only boost the devices’ performance but also enrich the user experience, making them more adaptable for both personal and professional applications.

While these initial updates cover a large segment of the Mac lineup, the **MacBook Air**, **Mac Studio**, and **Mac Pro** are still pending updates. According to Bloomberg’s Mark Gurman, the **MacBook Air** is anticipated to receive the M4 chip in the spring, while updates for the **Mac Studio** and **Mac Pro** are expected by mid-2025. If these timelines hold, it will signify that all Mac models will be outfitted with the latest technology, a feat not seen in recent times.

## Historical Context of Mac Refreshes

Traditionally, Apple has faced challenges in simultaneously updating its entire Mac portfolio. The closest approach occurred with the launch of the M1 chip, during which nearly every Mac was refreshed within an 18-month timeframe, with the notable exception of the Mac Pro. This model has a more extended refresh cycle, serving as a critical marker for the overall update status of the lineup.

The last major refresh of the Mac Pro took place in 2023, when it integrated the M2 Ultra chip. The M2 chip family was introduced across several models, beginning with the **MacBook Air** and the 13-inch **MacBook Pro** at WWDC 2022, followed by the **Mac mini** and the **MacBook Pro** in January 2023, culminating with the **Mac Studio** and **Mac Pro** at WWDC 2023. However, the lack of an iMac refresh during this cycle underscored the inconsistency in Apple’s update approach.

Looking back even further, 2019 saw Apple refresh most of its Macs, including the iMac, **MacBook Air**, and **MacBook Pro**, but again fell short of a full lineup refresh due to the absence of updates for the iMac Pro and Mac mini.

The last occasion Apple successfully updated every Mac model within a rolling 12-month period was in 2013, coinciding with the launch of the now-famous trashcan Mac Pro, alongside updates to the **MacBook Air**, **MacBook Pro**, **iMac**, and **Mac mini**.

## Conclusion

If the rumors about the M4 chip are accurate, this will represent a landmark moment for Apple, marking the first time in over a decade that every Mac model has received an update in a single cycle. The expected updates for the **MacBook Air**, **Mac Studio**, and **Mac Pro** herald a new era for Apple’s desktop and laptop offerings, promising improved performance and capabilities across the entire range.

As Apple continues to innovate and enhance its product offerings, users are left to consider the implications of these updates. What are your thoughts on Apple’s M4 Mac lineup? Feel free to share your opinions in the comments below.

*Follow Michael on [X/Twitter](https://x.com/mbrkhrdt), [Threads](https://threads.net/m.brkhrdt), and

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Indie App Highlight: ‘Currency’ – A No-Ad Offline Currency Conversion Application

# Currency: The Ultimate Free Currency Converter App for iPhone and Mac

In today’s increasingly interconnected world, the demand for effective currency conversion solutions is at an all-time high. Whether you’re a regular traveler, a professional engaging with global clients, or simply a person who relishes experiencing various cultures, having a dependable currency converter within reach can significantly enhance your experience. Introducing **Currency**, a completely gratis currency conversion application tailored for both iPhone and Mac users. With its sleek interface, offline capabilities, and support for more than 160 currencies, Currency is an indispensable tool for anyone involved in cross-border transactions.

## Key Features of Currency

### Intuitive Interface

A key highlight of Currency is its straightforward and intuitive user interface. Users can effortlessly switch between numerous currencies with a simple glance. The app facilitates the addition of preferred currencies to a custom list, allowing for quick access to the conversions you require. Just enter your sum in your primary currency, and Currency will instantly convert it to all the selected currencies using the most recent market rates.

### Comprehensive Currency Coverage

Currency covers over 160 currencies from 15 distinct exchange rate providers. This array guarantees that users receive the most precise and current information available. The app retrieves exchange rates every hour, ensuring it remains accurate even when offline. This feature proves especially advantageous for travelers who might not always be connected to the internet.

### iCloud Synchronization

For users who work across various devices, Currency incorporates iCloud Synchronization functionality. This feature keeps your currency list uniform between your iPhone and Mac, ensuring you always have the same information at hand, regardless of the device you’re utilizing.

## Design and Functionality

The creators of Currency have dedicated considerable effort to the app’s design, striving to achieve a native experience that blends effortlessly with the Apple environment. The app showcases elegantly redrawn national flags adjacent to the currency icons, presented in a squircle format that resembles the appearance of app icons on your home screen. This meticulous attention to detail enriches the overall user experience, making the app not only practical but also aesthetically pleasing.

Moreover, the Mac version of Currency is engineered to be swift and reactive, delivering a seamless user experience that aligns with the app’s capabilities.

## Completely Free and Ad-Free

One of Currency’s most attractive features is that it is entirely free to download and utilize. There are zero advertisements, no subscription fees, and no in-app payments. What you see is what you get; all functionalities are accessible right after installation. This clarity and absence of hidden fees make Currency an appealing choice for users who desire a straightforward currency conversion tool without any conditions.

## Get Currency Now

Currency is available for free on the [App Store](https://apps.apple.com/app/id6446816887) for iPhones and Macs running iOS 17 or macOS Sonoma and later. While there is currently no dedicated iPad or Apple Vision app, users can look forward to future updates that may broaden the app’s accessibility to additional devices.

In summary, Currency is a robust, user-friendly, and completely free currency conversion app that meets the needs of international travelers and business professionals alike. With its vast currency coverage, offline capabilities, and harmonious design, it’s an essential resource for anyone aiming to master the intricacies of currency conversion effortlessly.

*For more insights and updates on the latest indie apps, be sure to check out the

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Apple’s Premier Sci-Fi Series Makes a Comeback with an Immaculate 100% Critic Rating

**Silo Season 2: Apple TV+’s Sci-Fi Treasure Makes Its Return with a Flawless Rotten Tomatoes Rating**

The eagerly awaited second season of *Silo* is ready to premiere on November 15, and enthusiasts of the series are already thrilled with anticipation. Adapted from Hugh Howey’s acclaimed *Silo* novel series, this dystopian sci-fi drama has rapidly emerged as one of Apple TV+’s premier offerings. With an immaculate 100% critics’ score on Rotten Tomatoes prior to its launch, *Silo* Season 2 is set to capitalize on the triumph of its inaugural season, which achieved an impressive 88% critics’ score.

### Apple TV+: A Sci-Fi Authority

Even though Apple TV+ might not boast the subscriber numbers of streaming behemoths like Netflix or Disney+, it has successfully established a niche by regularly providing top-tier sci-fi content. In addition to *Silo*, Apple TV+ features other highly regarded sci-fi series such as *Foundation*, *For All Mankind*, and *Severance*. These programs have allowed the platform to become a favored destination for aficionados of well-thought-out, intricately crafted science fiction.

What distinguishes Apple TV+ is its dedication to slow-burn, character-centered narratives that dive into intricate themes and concepts. *Silo* exemplifies this approach. Instead of depending on flashy action scenes or sensational set pieces, the series emphasizes world-building, intrigue, and the human experience, creating a unique position for itself within the saturated sci-fi landscape.

### A Brief Overview of *Silo* Season 1

For those who may not be acquainted with the storyline, *Silo* unfolds in a post-apocalyptic setting where the remnants of humanity dwell within a colossal underground silo. The outside environment is thought to be a hazardous wasteland, and the silo’s denizens are bound by stringent rules and regulations intended to preserve order and ensure survival. Nonetheless, as the narrative unfolds, it becomes apparent that not everything is as it appears.

The main character, Juliette (portrayed by Rebecca Ferguson), is an engineer who starts to question the silo’s stringent framework and the reality of its existence. Her quest for truth leads her to reveal deep-seated secrets about the silo’s past and the genuine nature of the world beyond.

The first season closed with a cliffhanger, showcasing Juliette being expelled from the silo to “clean” — a euphemism for a death sentence. However, in a surprising twist, Juliette survives and uncovers the existence of other nearby silos, sparking new inquiries about the world she believed she knew.

### What Awaits in Season 2

Season 2 is set to enhance the universe of *Silo* in thrilling and unforeseen manners. Early press previews indicate that the series will investigate the mysteries of the silos and the broader world. Juliette’s expedition will lead her to another silo, seemingly deserted, except for a lone, paranoid survivor endangering her life.

This new environment paves the way for numerous narrative opportunities. What became of the inhabitants of this silo? Are there additional survivors out there? And most critically, what is the actual purpose of the silos? These are just a handful of the inquiries Season 2 will likely probe.

Rebecca Ferguson’s portrayal of Juliette remains a standout aspect of the series. Her character is astute, resourceful, and motivated by a need to comprehend her surroundings. As an engineer, she tackles challenges with a pragmatic perspective, convinced that anything malfunctioning should be analyzed before being discarded — a belief that extends to her interpretation of the silo’s community. Juliette’s resolve to uncover the truth makes her an engaging lead, and her journey is one that viewers can’t help but support.

### An Impeccable Rating on Rotten Tomatoes

One of the most thrilling developments prior to Season 2’s launch is its unblemished 100% critics’ score on Rotten Tomatoes. This marks a notable improvement over the already robust 88% score for Season 1, highlighting the exceptional quality of the show’s writing, direction, and acting.

Nevertheless, it’s important to point out that the audience score for *Silo* currently stands at a significantly lower 66%. This gap between critics and viewer ratings may stem from the series’ slow-burn style, which can deter those anticipating more fast-paced sci-fi entertainment. However, for those who value thoughtful, character-centric storytelling, *Silo* is an essential watch.

### The Source Material: Hugh Howey’s *Silo* Series

*The Silo Saga* by Hugh Howey has captivated sci-fi readers for years. The saga commenced with *Wool*, a self-published novella that swiftly amassed a large following. Howey later developed the narrative into a full-length novel, followed by two sequels, *Shift* and *Dust*. Collectively, these works present a rich and intricate storyline.

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“Android 15 Elevates the Leading Smartphone of 2024 with Fresh Features and Enhancements”

# The OnePlus 12 Outshines Samsung in All the Right Areas, Including Being First to Get Android 15

The smartphone arena has always been a hub for innovation, and with the launch of the OnePlus 12, it appears that OnePlus has truly hit its mark. Once recognized for its “flagship killer” devices, the brand has now positioned itself as a leading rival, particularly with its newest flagship, the OnePlus 12. A significant victory for OnePlus this year is its capability to outpace Samsung in a crucial aspect: being the first to deploy Android 15.

## OnePlus 12: The Pioneer of Android 15

OnePlus has captured attention by being among the initial companies to distribute the Android 15 update for its devices, notably the OnePlus 12. This is a remarkable feat, especially given that Samsung, a major player in the Android market, is still months away from unveiling its Android 15-based One UI 7. While Samsung users might have to hold on until early 2025 for the complete rollout, OnePlus 12 users are already experiencing the latest offerings of Android 15.

This prompt access to Android 15 highlights OnePlus’s renewed commitment to software updates and user satisfaction. The company has taken lessons from its earlier missteps and has diligently worked to guarantee that its users are not sidelined regarding software updates. This marks a substantial shift from prior years when OnePlus faced criticism for lagging updates.

## OxygenOS 15: A Revamped Experience

The OnePlus 12 ships with OxygenOS 15, derived from Android 15. This update introduces a plethora of new features and a modernized design that channels the “golden era” of OxygenOS. The revamped interface is sleek, boasting refined iconography and a more robust theme engine that facilitates enhanced customization.

One of the standout aspects of OxygenOS 15 is the capability to bifurcate the notification shade, enabling users to distinguish quick toggles from notifications. This feature, reminiscent of iOS, is surprisingly more user-friendly on the OnePlus 12, owing to the seamless pane-swiping functionality.

Furthermore, OnePlus has rolled out a Dynamic Island-style pop-up notification feature around the punch-hole camera. Although still in its initial phases with limited app support, it presents an intriguing potential that could grow more useful with forthcoming updates.

## AI-Driven Features: Elevating the Camera Experience

OnePlus may not have been renowned for leading camera technology, but the OnePlus 12 is changing that perception. The device’s camera system, crafted in partnership with Hasselblad, provides exceptional color accuracy and noteworthy telephoto performance. However, it’s the new AI functionalities that genuinely enhance the camera experience.

OnePlus has unveiled various AI-driven tools, including AI Detail Boost, AI Unblur, and a reflection remover. These functionalities enhance image quality by refining low-resolution visuals, correcting blurry pictures, and eliminating unwanted reflections. The AI tools are user-friendly and intuitive, making the OnePlus 12 an excellent choice for photography lovers.

## A Refreshing Aesthetic and User Experience

The OnePlus 12 excels not only in software and camera capabilities but also in delivering a luxurious design and user experience. The device’s haptics rank among the top in the industry, offering tactile feedback that enriches everyday interactions. Whether adjusting the brightness or typing, the haptics make every action feel intentional and accurate.

The new frosted glass aesthetic, coupled with fluid animations, contributes to the overall high-end sensation of the device. OnePlus has evidently paid meticulous attention to detail, evident in how the phone feels in your hand and responds to your touch.

## Multitasking and Performance: A Powerhouse in Your Pocket

OnePlus has also significantly enhanced multitasking with OxygenOS 15. The newly introduced floating windows feature empowers users to open applications in small, resizable windows, simplifying multitasking without the need to toggle between full-screen applications. The smart sidebar functions like a desktop dock, offering quick access to frequently utilized applications.

The OnePlus 12 is driven by the latest Snapdragon processor, ensuring it can manage even the most challenging tasks effortlessly. Whether gaming, streaming, or multitasking, the OnePlus 12 provides fluid and responsive performance.

## A Flagship Worth Considering

With its early access to Android 15, a refreshed OxygenOS, AI-enhanced camera functionalities, and exceptional performance, the OnePlus 12 is poised to be one of the standout smartphones of 2024. It’s a device that not only rivals brands like Samsung and Google but, in numerous aspects, excels beyond them.

If you’re considering a new smartphone, the OnePlus 12 should undoubtedly be at the forefront of your choices.

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