### The Escalating Issue of Space Debris: A Plea for Enhanced Transparency and Accountability
Recently, space debris has surged to the forefront as a critical concern for the global space sector. The surge in satellite launches, especially with the rise of extensive constellations such as SpaceX’s Starlink, has dramatically heightened the number of objects in orbit around Earth. This situation is worsened by the reckless actions of certain spacefaring nations, particularly following rocket launches. A notable instance is the recent fragmentation of the upper stage of China’s Long March 6A rocket, which once again underscores the imperative for improved transparency and accountability in space endeavors.
#### The Event: Long March 6A Rocket Fragmentation
On August 6, 2024, China deployed the initial group of 18 Internet satellites as part of a megaconstellation similar to SpaceX’s Starlink framework. Initially, the mission was regarded as a triumph with the successful deployment of satellites. However, shortly afterwards, the upper stage of the Long March 6A rocket shattered, dispersing debris throughout low-Earth orbit (LEO). The U.S. Space Command identified over 300 objects linked to the breakup, while LeoLabs, a private space situational awareness firm, reported tracking at least 700 objects.
The Chinese government formally acknowledged the occurrence over a week later, on August 14, through a communiqué from its Ministry of Foreign Affairs. This lag in response has sparked apprehensions regarding the transparency of China’s space operations, especially concerning space debris oversight.
#### The Demand for Transparency
General Stephen Whiting, head of U.S. Space Command, has stressed the necessity for China to enhance transparency surrounding space debris. During a gathering organized by the Mitchell Institute to commemorate the fifth anniversary of Space Command’s reestablishment, Whiting conveyed his desire for China to proactively share information about space debris in future incidents rather than depending on U.S. sensors for detection.
“I trust that the next occurrence of a rocket that generates substantial debris won’t rely solely on our sensors for first detection, but that we’ll receive communications to clarify the situation, much like we share information with others,” Whiting stated.
While Whiting acknowledged some advancements in discussions between U.S. and Chinese military officials this year, he emphasized that China has the capacity to make further efforts to mitigate space debris creation and communicate more transparently when incidents transpire.
#### The Consequences of Space Debris
The debris from the Long March 6A rocket breakup represents a considerable threat to other spacecraft in LEO. At an altitude nearing 500 miles (800 kilometers), this debris may orbit for many decades or even centuries before eventually descending into the Earth’s atmosphere. Throughout this period, the debris poses a risk of colliding with other satellites, including those within the Starlink network, the International Space Station, and various crewed vessels.
The buildup of space debris amplifies the chances of collisions, thereby generating more debris in a cascading phenomenon referred to as the Kessler Syndrome. Such a situation could deem specific orbits unusable, posing a grave risk to the future of space exploration and satellite operations.
#### The Function of the U.S. Space Command
The U.S. Space Command, via its 18th Space Defense Squadron based at Vandenberg Space Force Base in California, is vital in tracking objects circling the Earth. This squadron keeps a comprehensive catalog of satellites and space debris and watches for potential collisions involving spacecraft or debris. Space Command frequently issues warnings about close encounters, or conjunctions, between objects to commercial entities and foreign governments, including China and Russia.
“For decades, the United States has placed such importance on the space domain that we’ve made nearly all our tracking data publicly available for free,” Whiting commented. “Every day, we analyze every active satellite against all debris, providing notifications to all, including the Chinese and Russians.”
In the future, the U.S. Commerce Department is slated to assume part of the military’s role in managing space traffic. Nevertheless, Space Command will continue to uphold its catalog and remain accountable for collaborating with foreign militaries on space debris issues.
#### The Necessity for Responsible Conduct
General Whiting outlined three essential principles of responsible behavior in outer space: engaging with respect and professionalism, minimizing the creation of long-lasting debris, and fostering safety communication with other stakeholders in the realm. These tenets are crucial for ensuring the enduring sustainability of activities in space.
Regrettably, China’s history in this area has been far from ideal. The Long March 6A rocket has taken to the skies seven times since its inaugural flight in March 2022, and nearly every mission has resulted in a cloud of debris left in its wake. The two most consequential debris-generating incidents occurred in November 2022 and the recent breakup in August 2024.
#### The Wider Perspective
