AllYouCanTech

“GM Obtains Patent for Dual-Port Electric Vehicle Charging System Featuring Vehicle-to-Load Functionality”

### GM’s Pioneering Patent: Simultaneous Charging and Discharging of EVs

The electric vehicle (EV) sector is in a constant state of transformation, with automakers striving to advance technology for better efficiency, functionality, and user experience. Recently, General Motors (GM) has taken a significant step forward by submitting a patent for a system that permits an EV to charge and discharge at the same time. Though this idea may appear atypical, it holds the promise of unlocking new functionalities for EVs and altering our perspective on energy management in electric transportation.

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### The Idea: Concurrent Charging and Discharging

In conventional setups, an EV’s battery system functions in one of two states: **charging** (drawing energy from an external power source or regenerative braking) or **discharging** (providing power to the vehicle’s motors or offering energy to external devices through vehicle-to-load systems). Current EV designs restrict these two processes from occurring simultaneously. However, GM’s patent reveals a system designed to handle both functions concurrently.

The patent outlines a system that includes **two charging ports**:

1. **Primary Port**: This port connects to an external power source, such as a residential charger, public charging station, or a renewable energy outlet.
2. **Secondary Port**: Linked to a bi-directional charger, this port allows the EV to provide energy to external devices or even charge another EV.

The key innovation is in the battery management system, which can synchronize these processes, allowing the vehicle to charge its battery while supplying power through the secondary port.

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### Possible Uses

The patent features a captivating depiction of three EVs connected in a chain, where one vehicle charges another while simultaneously receiving power from an outside source. While this notion may seem futuristic, it paves the way for numerous practical applications:

#### 1. **EV-to-EV Charging**
Consider a situation where an EV’s battery is critically low and stranded. Instead of waiting for a tow truck or using a portable generator, another EV could arrive, connect through the secondary port, and transfer energy directly. This capability could transform roadside assistance for electric vehicles.

#### 2. **Energy Exchange in Fleets**
For organizations managing fleets of EVs, this technology could facilitate energy exchange between vehicles. For instance, a fully charged vehicle could transfer its excess energy to another vehicle in the fleet, optimizing energy consumption and minimizing downtime.

#### 3. **Emergency Power and Disaster Relief**
In regions affected by disasters where power lines are inoperative, EVs equipped with this system might function as mobile power sources. They could draw energy from renewable resources like solar panels while providing power to essential devices, homes, or other vehicles.

#### 4. **Enhanced Vehicle-to-Load (V2L) Features**
Vehicle-to-load systems that allow EVs to power external devices are becoming increasingly popular. GM’s system could elevate these features by enabling the EV to recharge while powering tools, appliances, or even entire residences during outages.

#### 5. **Interconnected Charging Networks**
The idea of interlinking EVs could result in novel charging solutions in areas lacking sufficient charging infrastructure. For example, a single charging station could accommodate multiple vehicles by permitting power sharing among them.

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### Challenges and Considerations

Despite the allure of simultaneous charging and discharging, several challenges must be tackled by GM and the wider EV industry before this technology can go mainstream:

1. **Complexity of Energy Management**: Overseeing the energy flow between the charging and discharging operations necessitates sophisticated battery management systems to ensure safety and efficiency.

2. **Compatibility with Existing Infrastructure**: Current charging systems may require upgrades to support dual-port functionality and bi-directional charging capabilities.

3. **Practicality of Use Cases**: As pointed out in the article, the real-world applications of this technology are not yet fully understood. Automakers will have to determine compelling use cases to warrant the increased complexity and cost.

4. **Regulatory and Safety Frameworks**: Bi-directional charging raises new safety challenges, particularly in energy transfer between vehicles. Regulatory bodies will need to formulate standards for safe operation.

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### The Larger Vision: Advancing Energy Ecosystems

GM’s patent signifies a wider trend in the EV realm toward establishing integrated and versatile energy ecosystems. As the adoption of renewable energy surges and power grids become increasingly decentralized, vehicles will become integral to energy storage and distribution. Innovations like GM’s dual-port system could enable EVs to serve as nodes within a larger energy framework, bolstering grid stability and facilitating peer-to-peer energy exchange.

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### Conclusion

While it remains uncertain whether GM’s patent will transition into production models, the idea of simultaneous charging and discharging is undoubtedly captivating. It embodies the innovative thrust propelling the EV industry forward and underscores the potential of electric vehicles to serve not only as a mode of transport but also as essential parts of our energy infrastructure.

As automakers

“Google Incorporates Gemini into Workspaces, Reveals Pricing Changes”

# Google Workspace Unveils New AI-Enhanced Plans: Lower Prices for Some, Higher for Others

Google has revealed major updates to its Workspace subscription plans, embedding its AI-driven Gemini tools directly into the standard offerings. This shift simplifies the accessibility of advanced AI features while introducing a pricing adjustment that will impact users differently based on their previous engagement with Gemini.

## **What’s Changing?**

In the past, Google’s Gemini AI tools were offered as a $20-per-seat add-on for Workspace users, in addition to the base subscription fee of $12 per seat. With the revised pricing structure, these AI functionalities are now part of all Workspace plans. Nevertheless, the base fee for Workspace subscriptions has risen from $12 to $14 per seat.

### **Who Gains Benefits?**
For those users who were already subscribing to the Gemini add-on, this alteration translates to a notable cost reduction. Previously, they paid $32 per seat ($12 base + $20 for Gemini), but they will now only pay $14 per seat—amounting to a savings exceeding 50%.

### **Who Faces Higher Costs?**
Conversely, users who did not previously subscribe to Gemini or utilize its AI capabilities will experience a modest increase in their fees, rising from $12 to $14 per seat. This adjustment may be perceived as unwelcome for users who do not intend to utilize the newly included AI tools in their subscription.

## **What’s Included in the AI-Enhanced Workspace?**

The AI attributes now integrated into the fundamental Workspace subscription consist of:

– **Gemini Advanced**: A collection of tools powered by Google’s Gemini AI.
– **NotebookLM Research Assistant**: A tool created to facilitate research and data organization.
– **Email and Document Summaries**: AI-generated overviews for Gmail and Google Docs.
– **Improved Google Meet Features**: Adaptable audio and support for additional transcription languages.
– **”Help Me Write” and Side Panel AI**: Support for writing and editing throughout Workspace applications.

Google has also alluded to plans for introducing even more AI features that were previously part of the Gemini add-on.

## **A Strategic Move in the AI Landscape**

This adjustment follows shortly after Microsoft declared that its own AI-driven Copilot Pro features would be integrated into the base cost of Microsoft 365 Personal and Family subscriptions. The actions taken by both tech leaders reflect a broader trend in the software-as-a-service (SaaS) sector: incorporating advanced AI tools into core offerings rather than presenting them as optional extras.

## **Timeline and Exceptions**

The implementation of the new pricing and features will differ based on the type of Workspace account:

– **Immediate Changes for New Customers**: New Workspace customers will be subject to the updated pricing and features right away.
– **Existing Customers**: Current Workspace accounts will shift to the new pricing model beginning **March 17, 2025**.
– **Gemini Subscribers**: Users presently paying $20 per seat for the Gemini add-on will cease to be charged starting **February 1, 2025**, but will maintain access to the features.
– **Small Businesses, Education, and Nonprofits**: These adjustments do not yet affect small-business, education, or nonprofit accounts, although Google has indicated that this is likely a temporary exception.

For those keen on more specifics, Google has shared a detailed explanation of the changes on its

“RedNote Evaluates Imposing Limits on ‘TikTok Refugees’ to Curb US Impact on Chinese Users”

**The RedNote Controversy: Dividing Users and the Future of Social Media in a Politically Polarized Society**

In an ever-changing digital environment, the social media app RedNote, referred to as Xiaohongshu in China, has become a focal point of a contentious worldwide discussion. There are speculations that the platform may soon divide users according to their geographical locations, possibly isolating Chinese users from those connecting from abroad, including the United States. This news emerges as a wave of American users turns to RedNote as an alternative to TikTok, whose future in the U.S. remains unclear due to potential government interventions. Such a decision by RedNote could fundamentally alter the operations of global social media platforms, raising concerns regarding censorship, cultural interactions, and the politicization of online environments.

### **The Increase of American Users on RedNote**

The recent surge of over 700 million new users on RedNote, largely propelled by anxieties surrounding a possible TikTok ban in the U.S., has subjected the platform to rigorous examination. Time Magazine has labeled RedNote as “the most apolitical social platform in China,” a standing that is now being tested by the new American users. Many of these individuals, referred to as “TikTok refugees,” are searching for a fresh digital space to express themselves and connect with others. However, their arrival has generated friction with the platform’s original Chinese user demographic.

On sites like Reddit, videos have emerged featuring Chinese-American users voicing their concerns that the influx of Americans could interfere with their use of RedNote as a means of staying in touch with Chinese news, culture, and language. There’s also speculation that the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) may be pressuring RedNote to segregate users to prevent American influence from reaching Chinese citizens. This potential action parallels the U.S. government’s own attempts to limit TikTok, demonstrating the intricate relationship between politics and social media globally.

### **The Difficulties of Moderation and Cultural Variances**

RedNote’s unexpected popularity among English-speaking users seems to have taken the platform by surprise. According to Reuters, the company has been urgently working to moderate English-language content and create translation tools to address the language divide. However, the platform’s stringent content moderation policies, which are heavily influenced by Chinese censorship regulations, have led to significant challenges for new users.

Chinese users have cautioned their American peers about the platform’s severe rules, which forbid discussions on delicate subjects such as politics, religion, and drugs. Breaking these guidelines can lead to account suspensions or even legal consequences. Numerous American users, unaware of these constraints, have faced bans for issues ranging from sharing videos with TikTok watermarks to incomplete account verifications. The difficulty in understanding the community guidelines, primarily written in Mandarin, has intensified these problems.

### **The Political and Financial Consequences**

The potential division of RedNote’s user base has incited discussions regarding the wider effects on global social media platforms. Detractors contend that this action could hinder cultural exchange and reinforce digital disparities between countries. Others perceive it as a vital measure to safeguard the platform’s original intent and shield its user community from outside influences.

Economically, the outlook for RedNote remains ambiguous. Bloomberg has recently reported that the platform’s principal shareholders are contemplating selling their shares at a valuation exceeding $20 billion. Nonetheless, this valuation may be threatened if RedNote struggles to keep its new user base or if TikTok continues to be available in the U.S.

### **The Broader Context: Social Media in a Divided Society**

The RedNote controversy underscores the intensifying challenges faced by social media platforms operating within a politically divided society. As governments increasingly monitor the impact of apps owned by foreign entities, platforms like RedNote must strike a fragile balance between adhering to local regulations and preserving their worldwide appeal.

For users, this situation offers a stark illustration of the power dynamics in the digital domain. While the shift of TikTok users to RedNote may be fueled by a quest for liberty and connectivity, it has also revealed the limitations and hazards of depending on platforms governed by differing cultural and political standards.

### **Conclusion**

As RedNote contends with the complexities of accommodating a varied user base, its choices in the immediate future could set a benchmark for the direction of global social media. Whether the platform opts to segregate users or seeks to reconcile cultural differences, its journey will surely attract attention from governments, investors, and users. In a time when digital spaces are increasingly influenced by geopolitical strife, the narrative of RedNote serves as a striking reminder of the intricacies involved in creating genuinely global communities in a fragmented society.

Delving into Heroes, Villains, and the Effects of Childhood Trauma in the Marvel Cinematic and DC Realms

### Do Childhood Traumas Influence the Creation of Superheroes and Villains? A Study Questions the Norm

The timeless tale of superheroes and villains being molded by their traumatic upbringings has been a fundamental aspect of comic book mythology and major motion pictures. From Batman’s heart-wrenching loss of his parents to the Joker’s tumultuous journey into villainy, these narratives frequently imply that early life experiences determine whether a character emerges as a hero or a villain. Nevertheless, a recent investigation published in *PLoS ONE* disputes this notion, indicating that individual choice, rather than traumatic childhood events, is the crucial element in a character’s ethical alignment.

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### The Research: Examining the Origins of Superheroes and Villains

Scholars from the University of Calgary initiated an innovative project to examine the link between adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and the trajectories of characters in the Marvel Cinematic Extended Universe (MCEU) and DC Universe (DCU). The research, spearheaded by co-author Jennifer Jackson, assessed 33 films with a cumulative runtime exceeding 77 hours. The team utilized the ACE questionnaire—a method employed to evaluate childhood trauma—on 28 characters, including heroes, villains, and one gender-fluid character (Loki).

The ACE questionnaire assesses 10 varieties of adverse experiences, such as abuse, neglect, and instability in the home. Elevated ACE scores generally signify more difficult childhoods. The researchers sought to establish whether characters with elevated ACE scores were more predisposed to becoming villains.

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### Principal Discoveries: Trauma Doesn’t Determine Morality

The research revealed no statistically significant distinctions in ACE scores between heroes and villains. This implies that a character’s moral orientation is not influenced by their childhood experiences.

For example:
– **Black Widow (Natasha Romanoff)** recorded the highest ACE score of 8 but opted to become a hero, joining the Avengers to “erase the red in her ledger.”
– **The Joker**, with an ACE score of 6, transformed into one of Gotham City’s most notorious villains.
– **Loki**, despite a privileged upbringing, initially selected a villainous route, although his role evolved into that of an anti-hero over time.

The researchers concluded that the choice to align with good or evil is rooted in personal agency rather than early life trauma. “This study somewhat contradicts the notion that villains emerge solely from their backgrounds,” Jackson remarked. “Individuals decide to be heroes, and that distinction is what counts—not their histories.”

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### Resilience and Coping Mechanisms

The research further emphasized the significance of resilience and coping techniques in shaping a character’s path. For instance:
– **Batman (Bruce Wayne)** dealt with the loss of his parents through self-seclusion, directing his sorrow into becoming a vigilante.
– **Shuri** from *Black Panther*, who also experienced the loss of her father, found comfort and strength in her community and familial bonds.

These differing responses to trauma highlight the critical role of social support and individual resilience in overcoming challenges.

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### Study Constraints

While the results are thought-provoking, the study has its limitations:
1. **Oversimplified Trauma Assessment**: The ACE questionnaire’s 10 inquiries may not adequately represent the intricacies of a character’s experiences.
2. **Binary Views**: Superhero films typically depict morality in polarized terms, which may oversimplify the complex motivations of characters.
3. **Gender Disparity**: The study featured a lesser number of female characters, potentially impacting the findings regarding gender differences in trauma and moral disposition.
4. **Exclusion of TV Shows and Comics**: The research was restricted to significant film representations, overlooking rich narratives from television series like *WandaVision* and comic books, which often offer deeper character exploration.

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### Real-World Mental Health Implications

The researchers contend that their findings have practical implications, especially for supporting mental health in children. Superheroes can act as relatable icons for youngsters facing trauma, providing a foundation for discussions about resilience and coping mechanisms.

“Superheroes could serve as effective conversation starters for tackling some challenging subjects,” Jackson stated. Characters like Black Widow illustrate that even those with difficult histories can triumph over adversity and make affirmative choices.

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### The Intricacy of Villains and Heroes

The study also illuminates the changing portrayal of villains and heroes in contemporary cinema. Characters like Loki and Harley Quinn challenge the conventional boundaries between good and evil and defy traditional binary storytelling. Loki, for example, evolves from a villain in *Thor* and *The Avengers* to a more complex anti-hero in later films and the Disney+ series *Loki*. Likewise, Harley Quinn’s transformation from villain to hero embodies the complexities of human behavior and the potential for redemption.

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### Conclusion: Choice Surpasses Circumstance

The insights from this study contest the long-standing belief that childhood trauma dictates an individual’s moral direction. In the realm of superheroes and villains, it appears that personal decisions, resilience, and social support play a more pivotal role.

AT&T Ends Home Internet Services in New York After Legislation Requiring $15-$20 Affordable Plans

### AT&T Discontinues 5G Home Internet in New York Due to State’s Affordable Broadband Legislation

In a decision that has ignited considerable discussion, AT&T has revealed its choice to terminate its 5G home Internet service, branded as “Internet Air,” within New York. This choice is a direct response to the state’s Affordable Broadband Act, which requires Internet Service Providers (ISPs) to deliver affordable broadband options to eligible low-income households. This legislation, set to take effect in January 2025 following protracted legal disputes, has been celebrated by digital equity supporters but viewed by certain ISPs as “detrimental rate regulation.”

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### **A Detailed Look at the Affordable Broadband Act**

The Affordable Broadband Act mandates that ISPs serving more than 20,000 customers in New York provide two low-cost Internet alternatives for qualifying households:

1. **A $15/month plan** that guarantees download speeds of at least 25 Mbps.
2. **A $20/month plan** with download speeds of a minimum of 200 Mbps.

Eligibility for these plans is connected to enrollment in federal aid programs like the National School Lunch Program, Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP), or Medicaid. The law aims to close the digital divide by ensuring low-income families have access to economical, high-speed Internet—an essential requirement in today’s ever-evolving digital landscape.

Nevertheless, AT&T contends that the law introduces “harmful rate regulations” that render it financially unfeasible for the corporation to persist in investing in and expanding its broadband framework in New York. Consequently, the telecommunications giant has opted to retract its Internet Air service from the state, effective January 15, 2025.

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### **Understanding AT&T’s Internet Air and Its Significance**

Introduced in 2023, AT&T Internet Air is a fixed-wireless broadband service utilizing 5G technology to provide Internet connectivity. It was conceived as a long-term substitute for DSL in regions where AT&T has no plans to deploy fiber infrastructure. With a monthly fee of $60 (or $47 when bundled with qualifying mobile plans), Internet Air has been promoted as a versatile and dependable alternative for households lacking fiber access.

Nationally, the service has gained momentum, with AT&T adding 135,000 Internet Air subscribers in the latest quarter. However, New York’s Affordable Broadband Act seems to have erected a financial obstacle for the firm, prompting its exit from the state.

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### **Reasons Behind New York’s Simplified Exit**

AT&T’s choice to end Internet Air service in New York is partially driven by the state’s distinct position beyond the company’s typical wireline service realm. In contrast to its 21-state wireline territory, where AT&T provides fiber and DSL home Internet, New York has largely served as a market for AT&T’s mobile and fixed-wireless solutions. This geographic distinction has made it relatively easy for the company to halt its home Internet services in the state without affecting its central operations.

AT&T has confirmed that it will persist in offering its 4G and 5G mobile services in New York, as the Affordable Broadband Act exclusively targets home Internet services. Thus, smartphone users and other mobile clients will remain unaffected by the company’s actions.

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### **Implications for Current Customers**

For current Internet Air subscribers in New York, AT&T has laid out a transition plan:

– Customers may retain their service free of charge for a period of up to 45 days, allowing them ample time to secure alternative broadband solutions.
– Residential users will receive a “recovery kit” containing guidance on returning their Internet Air equipment.
– Business clients, however, can keep any purchased devices at no extra cost.

AT&T has committed to working closely with impacted customers throughout this transition phase to minimize interruptions.

—

### **Legal and Industry Background**

Since its introduction, the Affordable Broadband Act has encountered substantial resistance from the broadband sector. In 2021, broadband lobbying organizations successfully persuaded a federal judge to halt the law, claiming it interfered with federal regulations. However, a U.S. appeals court overturned this ruling in April 2024, and the Supreme Court declined to hear the case in December 2024, effectively allowing the law to be enforced.

While the legislation has been hailed as a significant advancement toward improving broadband accessibility, it has also raised concerns regarding the financial feasibility of enforcing such requirements on ISPs. AT&T’s decision to withdraw from New York illustrates the ongoing conflict between regulatory initiatives aimed at enhancing affordability and the economic challenges faced by telecommunications companies.

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### **Wider Implications**

AT&T’s exit from New York highlights a larger challenge in the U.S. broadband sector: the need to balance affordability with the financial motivation necessary to foster infrastructure development. Although the Affordable Broadband Act seeks to address the digital divide, its execution has uncovered the intricacies of enforcing such regulations in a competitive, profit-oriented industry.

For New York residents, the absence of AT&T

“SpaceX Sends Two Lunar Landers on Expedition to the Moon”

### Dual Lunar Lander Mission: A Significant Step in Commercial Space Exploration

In the early morning hours on Wednesday, a SpaceX Falcon 9 rocket took off from NASA’s Kennedy Space Center in Florida, transporting two commercial lunar landers on a pioneering mission. Conceptualized by Texas-based **Firefly Aerospace** and the Japanese startup **ispace**, these robotic vessels are poised to touch down on the Moon in the next few months, signifying a major achievement in the expanding commercial space sector.

This endeavor signifies a cooperative effort to promote lunar exploration while minimizing expenses through cutting-edge partnerships and dual-launch methodologies. Let’s delve deeper into the mission, the collaborating companies, and the broader consequences for the future of space exploration.

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### **The Launch and Deployment**

The Falcon 9 rocket ascended at 1:11 a.m. EST (06:11 UTC) and effectively released the two payloads into slightly varying orbits, extending up to 225,000 miles (362,000 kilometers) from Earth. The two lunar landers—**Firefly’s Blue Ghost** and **ispace’s Resilience**—will now utilize their onboard propulsion systems to journey towards the Moon.

Firefly’s Blue Ghost was the first to detach from the rocket, followed closely by ispace’s Resilience, which was securely housed inside a specially crafted canister. This dual-launch setup not only lowered costs for both entities but also showcased the effectiveness of combining missions with aligned goals.

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### **Firefly Aerospace: Broadening Horizons**

Firefly Aerospace, based near Austin, Texas, is embarking on its inaugural venture into lunar lander development with the **Blue Ghost**. Recognized for its small-class Alpha rocket, Firefly is now branching out into lunar missions as part of NASA’s **Commercial Lunar Payload Services (CLPS)** initiative.

NASA granted Firefly a $101 million contract to transport 10 research payloads to the Moon. These payloads feature scientific instruments such as a subsurface drill, an X-ray imager, and an experimental dust shield engineered to ward off lunar dust from delicate components. The Blue Ghost is expected to land in **Mare Crisium**, a 350-mile-wide impact basin on the Moon’s near side, on March 2, 2025. Post-landing, it will operate for 14 days, conducting experiments and collecting data.

This mission marks Firefly’s third through the CLPS initiative, which aims to stimulate commercial lunar lander development and lower costs for NASA. The program has already shown mixed outcomes, with one lander failing to reach the Moon and another overturning after a successful soft landing. Yet, NASA continues to support the program, viewing it as a “high-risk, high-reward” opportunity.

—

### **ispace: Utilizing Past Lessons**

ispace of Japan is also advancing in the realm of lunar exploration with its **Resilience** lander. This current mission follows a 2023 attempt that resulted in a crash due to a software malfunction. Engineers have since rectified the error, enhancing confidence in the success of this mission.

The Resilience lander is set to embark on a more extended journey to the Moon, taking four to five months. It is equipped with several innovative payloads, including a water electrolyzer capable of converting lunar water ice into electricity and rocket fuel, and a small rover dubbed **Tenacious**, designated to collect lunar soil and capture high-definition images.

Although Resilience is not included in NASA’s CLPS program, ispace has secured a forthcoming CLPS mission contract with Draper Laboratory. The company views this mission as crucial for validating its capabilities and drawing investment into the emerging commercial lunar sector.

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### **The Role of SpaceX**

SpaceX played a key role in ensuring the success of this mission by providing the Falcon 9 rocket and facilitating the dual-launch setup. Julianna Scheiman, director of NASA science missions for SpaceX, stated that combining the two missions on a single rocket was an obvious choice that drastically reduced expenses for both Firefly and ispace.

“At SpaceX, we are genuinely focused on and committed to minimizing launch costs for everyone,” Scheiman remarked. This mission illustrates SpaceX’s dedication to making space more accessible and economically feasible.

—

### **The Broader Implications: Commercial Lunar Exploration**

The dual lunar lander mission stands as a testament to the advancing capabilities of commercial space enterprises. NASA’s CLPS program has been pivotal in fostering this development, offering a framework for companies to innovate and launch lunar landers. By serving as an “anchor customer,” NASA has stimulated innovation and competition within the private sector.

Nevertheless, the commercial lunar market is still in its early stages. Achievements like this mission are essential for bolstering investor confidence and showcasing the practicality of commercial lunar exploration. As Ron Garan, CEO of ispace’s U.S. subsidiary, pointed out, “Every time we achieve success, it increases the likelihood that companies will invest in building a sustainable lunar economy.”

—

### **Future Outlook**

“Bitcoin Nears $100,000 as Pension Funds Step into the Cryptocurrency Market”

### Pension Funds and Cryptocurrency: An Expanding Convergence of Conventional and Contemporary Finance

In recent times, the financial sector has experienced a notable transformation in the way established institutions view investment prospects. One of the most unexpected changes is the rising interest among state pension funds in cryptocurrencies such as Bitcoin and Ethereum. Known for their cautious investment approaches, pension funds are now investigating the possibilities of digital assets to enhance portfolio diversity and realize substantial returns. This trend is particularly prominent in the United States, where the pension funds of Michigan and Wisconsin have become notable investors in cryptocurrency-focused assets.

#### The Surge of Pension Fund Interest in Crypto

Cryptocurrencies, initially regarded as a speculative investment vehicle, have increasingly gained acceptance among institutional investors. This transformation has been fueled by Bitcoin’s remarkable price surge, which more than doubled in value last year, reaching unprecedented heights. The potential for ongoing gains, along with the increasing clarity in regulatory frameworks for digital assets, has attracted the attention of even the most conservative investors.

Pension funds in Michigan and Wisconsin are at the forefront of this movement. For example, the State of Wisconsin Investment Board is now the 12th largest investor in BlackRock’s Bitcoin ETF, holding assets worth around $155 million. Likewise, Michigan’s pension fund ranks as the sixth-largest investor in Grayscale’s Ethereum ETF and has significant investments in other cryptocurrency-related funds, such as the ARK 21Shares Bitcoin ETF.

#### Reasons Behind Pension Funds’ Shift to Crypto

Multiple factors are driving pension funds to explore cryptocurrencies:

1. **Potential for High Returns**: Cryptocurrencies have shown an ability to deliver remarkable returns, making them appealing for pension funds seeking to tackle funding shortfalls or improve portfolio performance.

2. **Regulated Investment Options**: The introduction of regulated exchange-traded funds (ETFs) for cryptocurrencies has given pension funds a more secure and manageable means of obtaining exposure to digital assets.

3. **Institutional Acceptance**: The wider embrace of cryptocurrencies by major financial institutions and governmental bodies has lowered the perceived risks linked to these investments.

4. **Diversification**: Cryptocurrencies present a distinct asset class that is largely uncorrelated with traditional market trends, offering a chance for diversification.

#### Challenges and Risks

Despite the escalating interest, investing in cryptocurrencies carries inherent risks. The crypto marketplace is notoriously unstable, with prices that can fluctuate dramatically within short timeframes. This volatility has prompted some consultants and advisors to warn against direct investments in digital assets.

For instance, the U.S. Government Accountability Office recently highlighted the “uniquely high volatility” of crypto assets, stressing the importance of prudence for pension funds. Detractors contend that without a strong valuation methodology, justifying the inclusion of cryptocurrencies in long-term pension strategies is challenging.

Additionally, past incidents in the crypto domain, such as the downfall of FTX and Celsius Network, have underscored the dangers of investing in unregulated or poorly governed platforms. These events have led some pension funds to approach the crypto sector with caution.

#### A Global Outlook

The curiosity around cryptocurrencies is not confined to the United States. Pension funds in the UK and Australia have also started to delve into digital assets. In the UK, a small pension scheme recently invested £1.5 million directly into Bitcoin, while Australia’s AMP has utilized Bitcoin futures to improve portfolio returns. These actions highlight the worldwide interest in cryptocurrencies as a nascent asset class.

Nevertheless, the uptake of cryptocurrencies by pension funds is still a minority phenomenon. Many consultants and advisors remain cautious, suggesting alternative strategies such as investing in hedge funds specializing in digital assets instead of seeking direct exposure.

#### The Path Forward

The convergence of traditional pension funds and cryptocurrencies is still in its nascent phase, yet the momentum is unmistakable. As regulatory clarity evolves and institutional adoption accelerates, more pension funds might contemplate dedicating portions of their portfolios to digital assets. However, the future will necessitate careful navigation of the associated risks and challenges of this volatile and swiftly changing market.

Presently, Michigan’s and Wisconsin’s state employee pension funds are paving the way, illustrating that even the most traditional aspects of finance are susceptible to the appeal of cryptocurrencies. Whether this trend will expand into a broader movement remains uncertain, but one thing is clear: the financial environment is transforming, with digital assets increasingly central to shaping its future.

“Microsoft Issues Update to Resolve Secure Boot Bypass Security Flaw in Windows”

# Vulnerability in Secure Boot: How a File Survived Microsoft’s Internal Review and Endangered Devices

For more than seven months—and possibly longer—a significant vulnerability within the Secure Boot framework, an essential element of contemporary device security, rendered Windows systems vulnerable to firmware attacks. This defect, designated CVE-2024-7344, underscores the difficulties in sustaining strong security within a progressively intricate digital landscape. Although Microsoft has recently remedied the issue, concerns linger regarding the wider ramifications, including potential weaknesses in Linux systems.

## What is Secure Boot?

Introduced in 2012, Secure Boot is a security standard intended to safeguard devices from firmware-level threats. It operates by establishing a “chain of trust” throughout the boot sequence, guaranteeing that every component loaded—from firmware to the operating system bootloader—is digitally signed and authenticated. This mechanism is part of the Unified Extensible Firmware Interface (UEFI), which serves as the modern substitute for the traditional BIOS system.

The primary objective of Secure Boot is to obstruct harmful code, such as bootkits, from executing during the early phases of a device’s boot process. Bootkits pose significant risks because they function at a low level, circumventing standard operating system protections and persisting even after a device has been reformatted.

## The Vulnerability: A Signed Yet Dangerous UEFI Application

The vulnerability at hand was uncovered by Martin Smolár, a researcher from the cybersecurity company ESET. Smolár pinpointed a questionable UEFI application labeled `reloader.efi` embedded within SysReturn, a real-time recovery software created by Howyar Technologies. This application was digitally signed and had successfully navigated Microsoft’s internal evaluation for third-party UEFI applications.

Nevertheless, `reloader.efi` managed to evade Secure Boot’s essential checks by utilizing a custom Portable Executable (PE) loader rather than the standard UEFI functions `LoadImage` and `StartImage`. This custom loader failed to execute the required digital signature validations, effectively compromising the Secure Boot framework.

Further scrutiny uncovered that this vulnerable application was not exclusive to SysReturn. It was also found in recovery solutions from six additional vendors, such as Greenware GreenGuard, Radix SmartRecovery, and WASAY eRecoveryRX. The complete roster of impacted software versions is as follows:

– **Howyar SysReturn**: Prior to version 10.2.023_20240919
– **Greenware GreenGuard**: Prior to version 10.2.023-20240927
– **Radix SmartRecovery**: Prior to version 11.2.023-20240927
– **Sanfong EZ-back System**: Prior to version 10.3.024-20241127
– **WASAY eRecoveryRX**: Prior to version 8.4.022-20241127
– **CES NeoImpact**: Prior to version 10.1.024-20241127
– **SignalComputer HDD King**: Prior to version 10.3.021-20241127

## The Implications of the Vulnerability

The risk posed by this vulnerability extended beyond devices operating the affected recovery software. Malicious actors who had already obtained administrative access on a Windows device could deploy `reloader.efi` themselves. Given that the application was digitally signed, it could facilitate the loading of harmful firmware during the boot sequence, effectively circumventing Secure Boot defenses.

Once deployed, such malicious firmware could provide attackers with enduring control over the device, enabling them to avoid detection and preserve access even after the operating system has been reinstalled. This type of assault is particularly alarming for enterprises, governmental bodies, and other organizations that depend on Secure Boot to safeguard sensitive systems.

## Microsoft’s Response and Industry Concerns

Microsoft responded to the vulnerability on October 10, 2023, by revoking the digital signature for `reloader.efi` and updating Windows to mitigate the threat. However, the lag in delivering a fix—over a year after the vulnerability was reported to the CERT Coordination Center—has raised concerns regarding the company’s timeliness in response.

This is not the inaugural instance of Microsoft’s code-signing procedures being scrutinized. In 2022, the security firm Eclypsium discovered three software drivers signed by Microsoft that could be exploited to bypass Secure Boot. These incidents underscore the hurdles involved in ensuring the integrity of third-party UEFI applications.

In a blog post, Smolár stressed the necessity for enhanced transparency in Microsoft’s UEFI code-signing protocol. He proposed that Microsoft utilize its upcoming rollout of new UEFI certificates as a chance to improve visibility into third-party applications that receive digital signatures. This would empower the security community to more effectively identify and report unsafe applications.

## The Status of Linux Systems

Although the vulnerability predominantly impacted Windows devices, the situation regarding Linux systems remains ambiguous. Secure Boot is similarly utilized in Linux distributions, including Red Hat, Suse, and Ubuntu, to defend against firmware-level threats. However, as of now, these vendors have not confirmed whether

“Formal Announcement: Initial Glimpse of the Nintendo Switch 2”

### Nintendo Switch 2: Larger Display, Improved Joy-Cons, Innovative Features, and a New Chapter for Gaming

Following years of anticipation, leaks, and exciting clues, Nintendo has officially introduced the much-awaited **Nintendo Switch 2**. This announcement is accompanied by a first-look trailer and a dedicated promotional site, providing fans an early peek into the future of Nintendo’s hybrid console. With an expanded display, revamped Joy-Cons, backward compatibility, and thrilling new functions such as a mouse mode, the Switch 2 aims to transform the gaming landscape. Here’s everything we’ve uncovered so far.

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### **An Expanded Display and Revamped Hardware**
The most striking enhancement in the Switch 2 is its **bigger tablet and display**, which is set to deliver a more captivating gaming experience. The device showcases a more streamlined design with **curved edges** at the top and bottom, lending it a fresher and more ergonomic appearance.

The rear of the console has been redesigned with a **broader, U-shaped kickstand**, providing improved stability and a wider range of viewing angles. This marks a significant upgrade from the original Switch’s slim kickstand, which often seemed fragile and restrictive in functionality.

Moreover, the Switch 2 features an additional **USB-C port** positioned at the top of the device, suggesting enhanced connectivity possibilities. Whether this will facilitate extra peripherals or quicker charging is still to be determined.

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### **Upgraded Joy-Cons with Magnetic Attachments**
The Joy-Cons have received a substantial refresh. The new controllers are **larger** compared to the older versions and incorporate **colored accents** behind the joystick, adding a stylish touch. The most notable alteration, however, is in the method of attachment to the console. Moving away from the conventional vertical sliding system, the Switch 2 adopts a **magnetic horizontal connection**. This innovative approach is enhanced by a horizontal lever adjacent to the shoulder buttons, simplifying the detachment of the controllers.

The **extended Joy-Con rail** now boasts **broader shoulder buttons** and a fresh connector at the center, which could possibly facilitate new gameplay mechanics or accessory compatibility. Additionally, the right Joy-Con has a **mysterious square button** situated below the Home button. Its function remains unknown, but it may relate to a new feature unique to the Switch 2.

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### **Mouse Mode: A Revolutionary Feature**
Among the most groundbreaking enhancements to the Switch 2 is the launch of a **mouse mode**. The trailer briefly presented a compact holster for the Joy-Cons, enabling them to operate as a computer mouse. This feature could unlock exciting new gameplay avenues, especially in genres such as strategy games, simulation titles, or creative software. It’s a daring stride that further melds traditional console gaming with PC-like capabilities.

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### **New Software: An Upcoming Mario Kart and Beyond**
The trailer also hinted at a new **Mario Kart** installment, sure to thrill fans of the series. While specifics are limited, the addition of a new Mario Kart title at launch could be a crucial selling point for the console.

Nintendo has confirmed that the Switch 2 will be **backward-compatible** with both digital and physical Switch games. However, the company has advised that “certain Nintendo Switch games might not be supported on or fully compatible with Nintendo Switch 2.” This partial compatibility may arise from hardware disparities or new features that older games cannot take advantage of.

The **Nintendo Switch Online** subscription service will persist on the Switch 2, ensuring players can transfer their memberships and enjoy online multiplayer, cloud saves, and classic game collections.

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### **Revamped Dock Design and TV Compatibility**
The dock for the Switch 2 has also been refreshed, showcasing **significantly rounded corners** that match the console’s updated style. While the trailer did not provide extensive details, it is anticipated that the dock will maintain TV connectivity, akin to the original Switch. Whether it will introduce new features, like 4K output or enhanced performance, is yet to be unveiled.

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### **Worldwide Hands-On Events and Release Schedule**
Nintendo has announced a series of **hands-on “Nintendo Switch 2 Experience” events** to allow fans to test the new console prior to its launch. These events will occur in major cities globally, with three confirmed venues in the U.S.:

– **New York City**: April 4–6, 2025
– **Los Angeles**: April 11–13, 2025
– **Dallas**: April 25–27, 2025

Online sign-ups for these events will commence on **January 17, 2025**, so fans eager for an early glimpse of the Switch 2 should mark their calendars.

The console itself is set to debut in **2025**, with further information expected during a **Nintendo Direct presentation on April 2,**

Civilization VII Preview: An In-Depth Journey Competing with the Esteemed Civilization IV

**Civilization VII: A Daring Advancement for the Franchise**

The Civilization franchise has stood as a foundational pillar of the 4X (explore, expand, exploit, exterminate) strategy genre, enthralling gamers for over thirty years. With six previous iterations, each enhancing and building upon its forerunner, the launch of *Civilization VII* poses a formidable question: how to evolve without estranging long-time supporters. After investing 15 hours in the game prior to its official release next month, it is evident that *Civilization VII* is a daring and ambitious reinterpretation of the franchise. While it preserves the essence of its predecessors, it integrates sweeping modifications that could transform player interactions with the series.

### A Return to Roots with a Radical Revamp

For numerous enthusiasts, *Civilization VI* offered a mixed experience. While it brought forth innovative elements like the hexagonal city district system, it also faced backlash for its overly intricate mechanics and disappointing diplomacy. *Civilization VII* does not abandon these innovations but instead refines and re-envisions them, resulting in a game that feels both recognizable and invigoratingly new.

The most notable alteration is the game’s framework. Rather than advancing through an uninterrupted timeline of periods, *Civilization VII* segments the gameplay into three distinct ages: Antiquity, Exploration, and Modern. Each age possesses its own unique tech tree, gameplay systems, and victory conditions, making the shift between ages akin to commencing a fresh game. This methodology facilitates deeper, more targeted gameplay within each age and delivers regular, meaningful rewards for player choices.

### A Fresh Experience for New Players

One of the objectives of *Civilization VII* is to enhance accessibility for newcomers and returning players. The tutorials have undergone substantial improvements, providing clear directions and clarifications for the numerous game systems. Nonetheless, the learning curve remains steep, especially for those unfamiliar with the 4X genre. Although the tutorials effectively introduce new ideas, they can sometimes be overwhelming, particularly for players new to the franchise.

For returning players, the absence of customizable tutorial options may present a slight inconvenience. In contrast to earlier versions, which permitted players to select tutorials based on their level of familiarity with the series, *Civilization VII* presents a singular tutorial pathway. Consequently, experienced players may find themselves enduring explanations of fundamental mechanics before accessing the new features. However, this is a relatively minor concern that diminishes as players advance through the game.

### Fully Developed at Launch

One of the most remarkable features of *Civilization VII* is its completeness upon release. Unlike *Civilization V* and *VI*, which felt slightly lacking until supplemented by DLC and updates, *VII* features a comprehensive array of systems and options right from the start. Almost all the mechanics from *VI* have been carried over and enhanced, with some exceptions such as the global warming framework, which was among the less favorable aspects of the previous title.

The city management system has also undergone a significant transformation. Worker units, a hallmark of the series, have been replaced with a centralized city management interface. This modification streamlines gameplay and minimizes micromanagement, enabling players to concentrate on broader strategic decisions.

### An Aesthetic and Visual Elevation

In terms of visuals, *Civilization VII* marks a return to the more realistic art style of *Civilization V*, shifting away from the cartoon-like appearance of *VI*. Cities now develop and change in visually stunning manners, with architecture evolving to mirror the cultural and historical context of each age. The attention to detail is striking, and the expansive cities feel more vibrant and dynamic than ever before.

### The New Ages System: A Game-Changer

The new ages framework is perhaps the most radical shift from past titles. In earlier games, eras served primarily as indicators of progress through the tech tree, with sporadic bonuses or penalties linked to golden or dark ages. In *Civilization VII*, ages are fully developed systems with distinct gameplay mechanics and objectives.

Each age features its own tech tree and victory conditions, fostering a sense of progression and renewal as players move from one age to another. For instance, achieving a Science victory in Antiquity might involve developing advanced irrigation systems, while in the Modern Age, it could entail launching a space expedition. The end-of-age summary screens offer a gratifying sense of closure and prepare the stage for the subsequent phase of the game.

This approach not only keeps gameplay engaging but also allows developers to craft more elaborate systems tailored to each age. It is a bold strategy that fundamentally alters the pace and structure of the game, and it appears to yield significant benefits.

### Diplomacy That Finally Succeeds

Diplomacy has traditionally been a weak aspect of the Civilization series, with AI players often behaving unpredictably and pushing players into unwarranted conflicts. *Civilization VII* tackles this challenge with a completely overhauled diplomacy mechanism. Players now accumulate diplomacy points, a