AllYouCanTech

Study Shows Lizards and Snakes Emerged 35 Million Years Sooner Than Previously Thought

### Reevaluation of Fossil Indicates Lizards Are More Ancient Than Previously Assumed

Lizards, among the most primordial and enduring creatures on our planet, have intrigued researchers for ages. They flourished prior to the era of dinosaurs, endured the mass extinction event that eradicated their larger counterparts, and continue to thrive in modern times. Nevertheless, a recent reevaluation of a fossil indicates that lizards are even older than once thought, extending their origins by 35 million years. This revolutionary find offers fresh perspectives on the evolutionary journey of reptiles and calls into question earlier beliefs about their ancestry.

#### **The Finding of *Cryptovaranoides microlanius***
The fossil under discussion belongs to a minuscule lizard species identified as *Cryptovaranoides microlanius*, which existed roughly 205 million years ago during the late Triassic epoch. This tiny organism, whose name means “hidden lizard, small butcher,” probably predated on insects with its sharp teeth. Its remains were discovered in what is now southern England, a locale bustling with prehistoric wildlife during that era.

At first, the fossil was inaccurately classified as belonging to an archosaur, a class of reptiles that comprises dinosaurs, pterosaurs, crocodilians, and birds. However, a group of researchers from the University of Bristol recently reexamined the fossil and determined that *Cryptovaranoides* is not an archosaur but rather a lepidosaur. Lepidosaurs represent a broader category of reptiles that includes squamates, the classification that contains modern lizards and snakes. This reclassification positions *Cryptovaranoides* as the oldest known squamate, significantly reshaping our comprehension of reptilian evolution.

#### **What Establishes *Cryptovaranoides* as a Squamate?**
Researchers from the University of Bristol identified multiple skeletal characteristics that definitively categorize *Cryptovaranoides* within the squamate lineage. These characteristics, termed squamate apomorphies, are distinctive traits that arose later in their evolutionary history and differentiate them from their ancestral species. Notable features include:

1. **Forelimb Structure**: The humerus (the upper bone of the forelimb) and radius (the lower bone of the forelimb) of *Cryptovaranoides* showcase features such as the ectepicondylar and entepicondylar foramina, along with a radial condyle. These traits are commonly attributed to squamates and were either disregarded or misjudged in the original assessment.

2. **Cranial and Jaw Features**: The fossil exhibits a septomaxilla, a small triangular bone situated in the upper jaw near the nasal openings. This bone is a hallmark of squamates and was found in both the initial fossil and a subsequent larger specimen. Additionally, *Cryptovaranoides* does not feature a posterior projection on the jugal bone, a characteristic typical of squamates but missing in archosaurs.

3. **Dental Structures**: The lizard’s pleurodont teeth, which are attached to the jawbone rather than sitting in sockets, are a defining trait of squamates. The fossil also uncovered an unusual count of incisive teeth—seven in total—further distinguishing it from archosaurs.

4. **Choanal Sulcus**: The choanae, or openings at the posterior part of the nasal cavity, display a depression (sulcus) that gradually becomes less pronounced towards the back. This pattern aligns with contemporary squamates and contrasts with other reptilian groups.

5. **Occipital Recess**: The posterior part of the braincase in *Cryptovaranoides* contains a sizable hollow area known as the occipital recess. This feature appeared in squamates during the late Triassic and early Jurassic periods, further validating the fossil’s identification as a squamate.

#### **Significance for Reptilian Evolution**
The reclassification of *Cryptovaranoides microlanius* as a squamate carries major implications for our understanding of reptilian evolution. Establishing that squamates existed 205 million years ago shifts the timeline for the group’s origins back by 35 million years. It also indicates that squamates were already undergoing diversification during the late Triassic, an era characterized by significant ecological shifts and the emergence of dinosaurs.

These findings position *Cryptovaranoides* within the crown group of squamates, meaning it is part of the earliest clade that has descended from a shared ancestor, encompassing all modern lizards and snakes. This reclassification highlights the necessity of revisiting and reanalyzing fossils, as advancements in technology and new viewpoints can result in transformative discoveries.

#### **Challenges and Future Investigations**
While the Bristol group is confident in their findings, they recognize the need for additional studies of the *Cryptovaranoides* holotype and associated fossils to enhance our understanding of its anatomy and evolutionary role. However, they firmly maintain that the fossil is “undoubtedly a lepidosaur and a squamate.”

Microsoft Ceases Production of Surface Studio All-in-One Desktop Owing to Rare Updates

### Farewell to the Surface Studio: Microsoft’s All-in-One Desktop Exits Stage Left

Microsoft has officially phased out its **Surface Studio all-in-one desktop**, signifying the conclusion of an intriguing, albeit imperfect, phase in the company’s hardware offerings. Launched in 2016, the Surface Studio aimed to transform the desktop PC experience with its groundbreaking design and top-notch touchscreen. However, its hefty price tag and dated internal parts ultimately curtailed its market appeal, leading to its downfall.

#### An Ambitious Idea with Execution Flaws

The Surface Studio marked Microsoft’s initial venture into desktop PCs, making a significant impact from the start. Its notable feature was its **distinct hinge system**, which enabled the screen to tilt nearly flat, making it perfect for digital artists and designers using the Surface Pen. Paired with an impressive high-resolution display, the Surface Studio became a coveted device for creative professionals.

Nevertheless, achieving this vision came with a considerable price. The first-generation Surface Studio was released at a starting price of $4,300, positioning it among the priciest all-in-one desktops available. Despite its upscale cost, the device faced criticism for its **outdated internal parts**, which fell short compared to rivals in terms of performance. This pattern of pairing innovative design with lackluster hardware would continue throughout the lifespan of the Surface Studio.

#### Surface Studio 2: An Unfulfilled Opportunity

In 2018, Microsoft launched the **Surface Studio 2**, boasting an even better display and some hardware enhancements. However, the improvements were minor, and the device still depended on older-generation components. This was especially disappointing considering the rapid technological progress in the PC sector.

The Surface Studio 2 lingered on the market for an uncommonly long period without significant updates, necessitating Microsoft to **lower the system requirements for Windows 11** to maintain compatibility. This action underscored the company’s inconsistent dedication to making the Surface Studio competitive.

#### The Final Act: Surface Studio 2+

In 2022, Microsoft rolled out the **Surface Studio 2+**, featuring more substantial hardware upgrades, including advancements in GPU and CPU generations. However, even these enhancements did not incorporate the latest technology available at that time. The Surface Studio 2+ was primarily a temporary fix, and it soon became evident that Microsoft had shifted focus away from the all-in-one desktop segment.

#### Reasons for the Surface Studio’s Downfall

Numerous factors contributed to the Surface Studio’s failure:

1. **Exorbitant Pricing**: At $4,300 and above, the Surface Studio was far too costly for most consumers, including many professionals.
2. **Outmoded Hardware**: Utilizing older components diminished the device’s allure, particularly when set against similarly priced options that delivered superior performance.
3. **Rare Updates**: Unlike the Surface Pro and Surface Laptop, which enjoy consistent updates, the Surface Studio received only two updates over eight years, leaving it perpetually out of touch with advancements.
4. **Limited Market Appeal**: While the device’s distinctive hinge and touchscreen were cherished by certain digital artists, they were insufficient to warrant the high cost for a wider audience.

#### Conclusion of an Era

Microsoft’s choice to retire the Surface Studio is indicative of a larger trend of **reductions in its Surface lineup**, specifically concerning experimental devices. Reports from *Windows Central* suggest that the Surface Studio 3 was probably shelved amid these cutbacks, marking the end of Microsoft’s aspirations in the all-in-one desktop arena.

For the artists and designers who cherished the Surface Studio, its discontinuation creates a gap in the market. There are few, if any, direct alternatives that provide the same blend of a premium touchscreen, unique hinge, and integrated design. Yet, for the majority of consumers, the Surface Studio was an uphill sell, and its limited appeal ultimately determined its fate.

#### Insights Gained

The narrative of the Surface Studio acts as a warning for technology firms. Captivating design can attract attention, but it must be complemented by competitive hardware and pricing to thrive in the long haul. Microsoft’s failure to regularly update the Surface Studio and rectify its flaws curtailed its potential, despite its revolutionary design.

As the Surface Studio gradually recedes into history, it serves as a reminder of unrealized potential—a daring experiment that ultimately did not fulfill its promise. For the time being, Microsoft appears to be refocusing on more mainstream devices like the Surface Pro and Surface Laptop, yielding the all-in-one desktop market to others.

“Sodium-Ion Batteries Surface as an Economical Substitute in Energy Storage”

### The Emergence of Sodium-Ion Batteries: A Compelling Substitute for Lithium-Ion Technology

With the escalating global appetite for electric vehicles (EVs) and energy storage from renewable sources, the search for eco-friendly, economically viable, and scalable battery solutions is becoming more urgent. Sodium-ion batteries are attracting increasing interest as a credible substitute for the prevailing lithium-ion batteries among the new entrants. Recent innovations and funding indicate that sodium-ion technology is set to have a crucial impact on the energy shift.

—

### **What Are Sodium-Ion Batteries?**

Sodium-ion batteries function on the same core principles as lithium-ion batteries, employing ions to convey charge between electrodes. Yet, instead of lithium, they utilize sodium—a significantly more plentiful and readily available element found in table salt and seawater. This abundance renders sodium-ion batteries an appealing choice for lessening dependence on limited and geopolitically sensitive resources such as lithium, cobalt, and nickel.

—

### **Recent Advancements in Sodium-Ion Technology**

#### **CATL’s Next-Gen Sodium-Ion Battery**
Contemporary Amperex Technology Co., Limited (CATL), the largest battery manufacturer globally, has recently presented its next-generation sodium-ion battery. Set to commence mass production in 2027, this innovative battery features an energy density of 200 watt-hours per kilogram (Wh/kg), a notable enhancement from the 160 Wh/kg of its initial model introduced in 2021. Increased energy density corresponds to extended driving ranges for EVs, addressing one of sodium-ion technology’s primary limitations.

#### **$50 Million Initiative by US National Labs**
In the US, a coalition of seven national laboratories, spearheaded by Argonne National Laboratory, has initiated a $50 million project to expedite the advancement of sodium-ion batteries. The objective is to achieve energy densities that meet or surpass those of existing lithium iron phosphate (LFP) batteries, a favored variant of lithium-ion batteries. This cooperative endeavor highlights the mounting acknowledgment of sodium-ion batteries as a vital element of the forthcoming energy landscape.

—

### **Benefits of Sodium-Ion Batteries**

1. **Abundant and Affordable Resources**
Sodium stands as one of the most plentiful elements on the planet, making it considerably cheaper and more sustainable than lithium. This could aid in lowering the total battery production costs, especially as lithium demand continues to strain worldwide supply chains.

2. **Enhanced Safety**
Sodium-ion batteries are generally safer than their lithium-ion counterparts. They possess a significantly diminished risk of thermal runaway—a phenomenon that can lead lithium-ion batteries to ignite or explode when compromised.

3. **Performance in Cold Conditions**
Sodium-ion batteries excel in extremely cold environments, with CATL’s latest model operating at temperatures as low as -40°F. This feature makes them particularly advantageous for areas that experience severe winters.

4. **Simple Manufacturing Transition**
The production process for sodium-ion batteries closely resembles that of lithium-ion batteries, enabling companies to modify existing manufacturing lines with minimal reconfiguration costs.

—

### **Obstacles Confronting Sodium-Ion Batteries**

Despite their benefits, sodium-ion batteries encounter several challenges:

1. **Lower Energy Density**
In general, sodium-ion batteries exhibit lower energy densities compared to lithium-ion batteries. While lithium-ion batteries can reach energy densities of up to 300 Wh/kg, sodium-ion batteries usually fall within the 150 to 200 Wh/kg range. This suggests that EVs powered by sodium-ion batteries will have reduced driving ranges compared to those utilizing lithium-ion batteries.

2. **Current Cost Competitiveness**
Although sodium-ion batteries are anticipated to be more cost-efficient in the long term, current lithium prices are unusually low due to a temporary oversupply. This creates difficulties for sodium-ion batteries to be price-competitive in the short term.

3. **Limited Commercial Presence**
Sodium-ion batteries remain in the nascent stages of commercial deployment, with the majority of production and usage taking place in China. However, this is expected to evolve as global investments and research initiatives increase.

—

### **Market Prospects and Applications**

#### **Anticipated Growth**
According to Benchmark Mineral Intelligence, the worldwide output of sodium-ion batteries is forecasted to rise from 11 gigawatt-hours (GWh) in 2024 to 140 GWh by 2030, marking a 13-fold increase. Although this remains a small part of the anticipated 4,500 GWh for lithium-ion batteries by 2030, it indicates a widening market share for sodium-ion technology.

#### **Targeted Segments**
Sodium-ion batteries are expected to carve out a niche in specific markets:
– **Affordable EVs**: Perfect for cost-effective vehicles with limited driving ranges, especially in urban and suburban areas.
– **Grid Storage**: Their safety, economic viability, and ability to perform in extreme temperatures position them well for renewable energy storage solutions.

#### **Global Initiatives**
While China is at the forefront of sodium-ion battery development, other nations are entering the fray. For instance, Natron Energy, based in California,

“Booking.com Clarifies That Typographical Errors Resulting in Unapproved Access to Private Trip Data Are Not an Issue with the System”

### Booking.com Confronts Privacy Issues Due to Typo-Induced Account Access

In a time when digital services are integral to travel planning, safeguarding user privacy and security is more critical than ever. Nonetheless, a recent occurrence involving Booking.com has stirred considerable apprehension regarding the platform’s management of user data and reservation procedures. A seemingly minor typo in an email address revealed a vulnerability in the system, unintentionally granting an outsider access to confidential trip information. This event has ignited a more extensive dialogue on the trade-off between user ease and data protection.

—

### The Incident: A Typographical Error with Major Implications

The situation unfolded when a Booking.com user, Alfie, received an email confirming a reservation he had not made. Initially viewing it as a potential phishing scam, Alfie refrained from clicking any links and instead logged into his Booking.com account for clarification. To his astonishment, the trip was indeed connected to his account, despite his lack of participation in the booking.

After reaching out to Booking.com’s customer support, Alfie discovered that the issue arose from a user mistake. During the reservation process, another user had incorrectly input Alfie’s email address, already linked to a Booking.com account. Consequently, the system automatically associated the trip with Alfie’s account. Although this automated feature aimed to enhance user experience, it inadvertently compromised sensitive data and triggered a privacy violation.

—

### Booking.com’s Position: No Solution Forthcoming

Booking.com ultimately recognized the issue but emphasized that it was neither a system malfunction nor a security breach. The platform attributed the occurrence to human error during the booking phase. A representative from Booking.com pointed out that the platform’s setup enables users to reserve trips for others by entering their email addresses. If the inputted email corresponds with an existing Booking.com account, the trip is seamlessly added to that account.

The firm indicated that this functionality is deliberate and a core aspect of the platform’s architecture. However, this arrangement offers no opportunity for error rectification. Once a trip is associated with an account, it cannot be removed, even if the email was submitted incorrectly. Booking.com refused to delete the trip from Alfie’s account, citing privacy issues for the original user who made the reservation.

—

### Privacy Concerns: A Source of Alarm

The episode underscores a significant privacy vulnerability. Once a trip is assigned to someone else’s account, they can access sensitive data, including the traveler’s full name, partial credit card information, and other booking particulars. In Alfie’s situation, a Booking.com support representative even revealed extra details, such as the email address and country of the person who made the reservation. Such information enabled Alfie to identify the individual on LinkedIn, raising concerns regarding the platform’s data-sharing practices.

Alfie voiced worries about the potential for malicious misuse of this flaw. For instance, a malicious actor could deliberately enter incorrect email addresses to gain access to private trip information. This could result in scenarios where individuals’ travel arrangements are disturbed or their residences are targeted while they are away.

—

### Expert Views: Can the Problem Be Resolved?

Jacob Hoffman-Andrews, a senior staff technologist at the Electronic Frontier Foundation, shared his insights on the issue. He acknowledged the inevitability of human error in systems reliant on user input. However, he proposed that Booking.com might implement measures to reduce these risks. For instance, the platform could add a validation step before linking reservations to accounts. This could involve sending a confirmation email to the provided address, requiring the recipient to validate the booking prior to adding it to their account.

Hoffman-Andrews also suggested that users should have the capability to rescind bookings linked to incorrect accounts. This would empower the original user to rectify mistakes and safeguard their privacy without jeopardizing others’ security.

—

### A Call for Improvement: Merging Convenience with Security

While Booking.com claims that its current operation is as intended, the incident highlights the necessity for a more resilient framework concerning user privacy and security. Alfie, despite the troubling experience, still utilizes the platform but advocates for reforms to avert similar occurrences in the future. He stressed the significance of validation measures and the capacity to rectify errors to protect both users and their sensitive data.

As digital services continue to develop, companies like Booking.com must emphasize user trust by addressing weaknesses and instituting protections. While convenience is a significant selling point, it shouldn’t come at the cost of privacy and security. For the time being, users reserving trips through Booking.com are encouraged to thoroughly check email addresses and other information to prevent unintended repercussions.

—

### Conclusion: Lessons Gained

The Booking.com event stands as a warning about the unforeseen repercussions of prioritizing convenience over security. It accentuates the importance of crafting systems that account for human error while ensuring the protection of user data. As the travel sector increasingly depends on digital platforms, establishing robust privacy safeguards will be vital for maintaining user trust and confidence.

“NASA Delays Artemis Mission Again; SpinLaunch Obtains Extra Funding”

### The Latest in Space Exploration: A Detailed Rocket Summary

The realm of space exploration is buzzing with developments, ranging from innovative technological breakthroughs to strategic shifts among major industry players. In this piece, we explore the latest updates, evaluating their significance for the future of space travel and exploration.

—

### **Orbex Refocuses on Medium-Lift Rockets**

The small-launch vehicle company Orbex has made a noteworthy strategic change by halting construction on its Sutherland Spaceport located in Scotland. The firm has opted to utilize the SaxaVord Spaceport in the Shetland Islands for its Prime launch vehicle. This adjustment permits Orbex to direct more resources towards the advancement of its launch vehicles, including the smaller Prime rocket and a newly introduced medium-class vehicle, Proxima.

– **Implications**: The choice to emphasize Proxima indicates that Orbex is shifting towards medium-lift capabilities, possibly moving away from the smaller Prime rocket. This could be a reaction to heightened competition in the small-launch sector and an effort to capture a wider array of payload possibilities.

—

### **SpinLaunch Secures $11.5 Million Amid Funding Hurdles**

SpinLaunch, a startup intent on innovating space launches through a kinetic launch method, has recently obtained $11.5 million in financing. However, this total falls significantly short of the $350 million the company reportedly sought earlier this year. CEO David Wrenn characterized these figures as “extremely inaccurate,” yet the gap raises concerns about investor trust in the company’s bold ambitions.

– **Larger Context**: SpinLaunch’s technology offers a low-cost, high-frequency alternative to standard rockets. Nevertheless, the decreased funding could hinder its advancement, illustrating the challenges of introducing untested launch methods in a crowded market.

—

### **Vega C Makes a Comeback After Challenges**

Arianespace’s Vega C rocket marked its return to flight on December 5, successfully launching the Sentinel-1C satellite for the European Space Agency’s Copernicus initiative. This represents a crucial achievement following a launch failure in December 2022 that resulted in the loss of two imaging satellites.

– **Importance**: The successful flight reinstates confidence in Vega C’s dependability and underscores Europe’s dedication to upholding a strong Earth observation program. Sentinel-1C will improve maritime traffic monitoring and other essential services.

—

### **PLD Space Obtains Funding for Miura 5 Rocket**

The Spanish launch company PLD Space has secured an €11 million loan to establish the launch site for its Miura 5 rocket in French Guiana. This funding indicates a partnership between public and private organizations, highlighting the vital role of institutional backing in enhancing Europe’s space capabilities.

– **Future Outlook**: The Miura 5, which has a payload capacity of 1 metric ton to low-Earth orbit, is anticipated to make its inaugural flight in 2026. This development is consistent with Europe’s wider objective of obtaining independent access to space.

—

### **China’s Long March Rockets Celebrate Achievements**

China is steadily advancing its space capabilities with the successful launch of the Long March 12 rocket and the 100th flight of the Long March 3B. The Long March 12, equipped with upgraded YF-100K engines, is intended for medium-lift operations and may be instrumental in deploying China’s megaconstellation of satellites.

– **Significance**: These milestones underscore China’s rising expertise in space technology, establishing it as a significant contender in both commercial and governmental space activities.

—

### **SpaceX Sets New Records with Falcon 9**

SpaceX’s Falcon 9 rocket recently achieved its 400th successful mission, along with its 375th booster recovery. The company set a new record for booster turnaround time, accomplishing an impressive 13 days between landing and relaunch.

– **Contextual Background**: In November alone, SpaceX executed 16 Falcon 9 launches, exceeding its prior monthly record of 14. With 135 launches anticipated for this year, the Falcon 9 is on course to equal the total number of missions conducted by NASA’s space shuttle over a 30-year span.

—

### **NASA Postpones Artemis Missions**

NASA has announced delays for its Artemis II and Artemis III missions, attributing the setbacks to problems with the heat shield of the Orion spacecraft. Artemis II is now slated for April 2026, while Artemis III, the mission designed to return humans to the Moon, has been postponed to mid-2027.

– **Possible Upcoming Changes**: With the Trump administration nominating commercial astronaut Jared Isaacman as the next NASA Administrator, substantial changes to the Artemis initiative could be forthcoming. Speculation includes the potential substitution of the Space Launch System (SLS) with commercial rockets.

—

### **SpaceX’s Valuation Surges**

Reports indicate that SpaceX is in negotiations to sell insider shares at a valuation of $350 billion, a significant increase from $210 billion earlier this year. This would cement SpaceX’s position as the most valuable private startup globally, rivaling

“European Satellites Take Off on Quest to Investigate Sun’s Impact by Obscuring Its Rays”

### ESA’s Proba-3 Mission: Leading the Way in Precision Formation Flying and Solar Corona Investigation

The European Space Agency (ESA) has initiated an innovative mission with the deployment of **Proba-3**, a dual-spacecraft experiment aimed at showcasing millimeter-scale precision in formation flying and exploring the Sun’s hidden corona. This ambitious mission, launched via an Indian Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV) on Thursday, signifies a substantial advancement in both space technology and solar research.

—

### **Mission Summary**

Proba-3, an abbreviation for “Project for On-Board Autonomy,” comprises two small satellites that will circle Earth while maintaining a coordinated formation. The essence of this experimental mission is to reach unmatched levels of accuracy in spacecraft alignment. Unlike typical spacecraft that operate separately or dock with other units, the satellites of Proba-3 will hold a stable formation with millimeter-level precision, which has never been accomplished previously.

Designated **Coronagraph** and **Occulter**, the two satellites will separate by about 150 meters (500 feet) to generate an artificial solar eclipse in space. This setup will enable researchers to study the corona—its outer atmosphere—without the obstruction of the Sun’s blinding brightness. The mission’s orbit varies from a low altitude of 356 miles (573 kilometers) to a high altitude nearing 40,000 miles (60,563 kilometers) above Earth, featuring a 59-degree inclination.

—

### **Importance of Studying the Solar Corona**

The Sun’s corona is a region of extremely hot plasma extending millions of miles into space, with temperatures soaring to 3.5 million degrees Fahrenheit. Despite its significance, the corona is not well understood due to its faintness in contrast to the Sun’s surface. Observing the corona is essential for comprehending:

– **Generation of Solar Wind**: The corona originates the solar wind, a flow of charged particles that influences Earth’s magnetosphere and can disrupt satellites and electrical grids.
– **Geomagnetic Disturbances**: Analyzing the corona aids scientists in forecasting space weather events that can have major technological and economic repercussions on Earth.
– **Coronal Mass Ejections (CMEs)**: These massive solar eruptions can propel particles at extreme velocities, posing dangers to astronauts and spacecraft.

Historically, the corona is observed best during total solar eclipses, which occur infrequently and briefly. Proba-3’s artificial eclipses will allow scientists continuous observation of up to six hours, significantly surpassing the limited minutes available during natural events.

—

### **Technology Driving Proba-3**

#### **Millimeter Precision in Formation Flying**
The standout characteristic of Proba-3 is its capability to maintain an exact formation between its two satellites. This is accomplished through a mix of cutting-edge technologies:

1. **Inter-Satellite Radio Communication**: These connections enable the satellites to share their relative positions instantly.
2. **Satellite Navigation Systems**: GPS-like technologies deliver precise positional data.
3. **Optical Monitoring**: The Occulter satellite uses cameras to observe LEDs on the Coronagraph satellite to refine their alignment.
4. **Laser Ranging Technology**: A laser beam from the Occulter reflects off the Coronagraph, facilitating ongoing distance measurements with sub-millimeter precision. This information is utilized to adjust the Occulter’s positioning through cold gas thrusters.

#### **Creating an Artificial Solar Eclipse**
The Occulter satellite is equipped with a 4.6-foot (1.4-meter) disk intended to obscure the Sun’s surface, thereby producing an artificial eclipse. This enables the Coronagraph satellite to obtain detailed imagery of the corona devoid of the Sun’s overwhelming light interference. The shadow created by the Occulter is only 3 inches (8 centimeters) wide, illustrating the mission’s remarkable precision.

—

### **Research Objectives**

Proba-3 aims to bridge a significant observational gap in solar studies. Current instruments can examine the outermost layers of the corona or its base near the Sun, but the intermediate zone remains largely uncharted. Proba-3 will concentrate on this area, situated between 1.1 and 3 solar radii from the Sun’s center.

Primary research goals include:

1. **Investigating Plasma Waves**: Proba-3 will look for small-scale, rapid-moving plasma waves that could elucidate the corona’s extreme temperatures.
2. **Investigating Solar Wind Acceleration**: The mission will explore how plasma jets contribute to accelerating the solar wind to speeds reaching 1.2 million mph (2 million km/hr).
3. **Monitoring Coronal Mass Ejections (CMEs)**: Proba-3 will track the development of CMEs as they emanate from the Sun, providing insights into their origins and behaviors.

The mission’s coronagraph instrument is capable of capturing images as often as every two seconds, granting unprecedented temporal resolution for analyzing dynamic solar phenomena.

—

### **Wider Implications**

NASA Validates Orion’s Heat Shield is Prepared for Artemis II: Evaluating Its Importance

**Artemis II: NASA’s Upcoming Move in Lunar Exploration**

The Artemis initiative, NASA’s bold endeavor to bring humans back to the Moon, has encountered numerous obstacles and delays. The forthcoming Artemis II mission, which will mark the program’s first crewed flight, is a crucial stepping stone in humanity’s return to the lunar surface. Nevertheless, as NASA strives to resolve technical challenges and enhance its strategies, the mission has been rescheduled for April 2026, highlighting the intricacies of contemporary space exploration.

### Reflecting on Artemis I

Two years prior, on December 11, 2022, NASA’s uncrewed Artemis I mission wrapped up with the successful return of the Orion spacecraft, landing in the Pacific Ocean. This 25.5-day mission showcased the capabilities of both the Orion spacecraft and the Space Launch System (SLS) rocket, which performed nearly flawlessly on their inaugural journey. Orion traveled within 60 miles (100 kilometers) of the Moon’s surface and made its way back to Earth at speeds 32 times that of sound.

While the mission seemed to be an overwhelming triumph, post-mission evaluations uncovered unforeseen problems with Orion’s heat shield. Engineers identified cracks and voids in the Avcoat material, a thermal protection system intended to ablate during reentry. This led to a two-year inquiry to uncover the underlying cause and evaluate the safety repercussions for Artemis II.

### The Heat Shield Dilemma

Orion’s heat shield is an essential element, meant to safeguard the spacecraft and its crew from the extreme heat produced during reentry. Upon returning from the Moon, Orion faces temperatures of up to 5,000°F (2,760°C), substantially higher than those encountered during reentry from low Earth orbit. The heat shield, consisting of 186 blocks of Avcoat material, is designed to degrade in a controlled manner, forming a char layer that dissipates heat.

However, during Artemis I, sections of the heat shield unexpectedly peeled off, resulting in gaps in the material. NASA’s investigation disclosed that this occurred during Orion’s “skip reentry” maneuver—a method where the spacecraft briefly dips into the atmosphere, then rebounds into space before descending for a final landing. This technique lowers g-forces on the crew and facilitates precise splashdown targeting. However, during the skip phase, heat gathered within the Avcoat material, causing gas formation and entrapment. The resultant pressure induced cracking and uneven loss of the heat shield’s outer layer.

### Tackling the Challenge

To remedy this situation, NASA has opted to alter the reentry path for Artemis II. By decreasing the duration of the skip reentry, the spacecraft will spend less time in the lower heating zone that led to the cracks. For instance, the downrange distance covered during reentry will be curtailed from over 3,000 nautical miles (5,556 kilometers) on Artemis I to a maximum of 1,775 nautical miles (3,287 kilometers) on Artemis II. This modification is anticipated to avert the heat shield degradation observed in the earlier mission.

Moreover, NASA and its lead contractor, Lockheed Martin, are pursuing long-term enhancements to the heat shield’s design to fix its permeability challenges. These upgrades will be integrated into future Orion spacecraft.

### Artemis II: The Upcoming Mission

Artemis II will be the inaugural mission to transport astronauts aboard the Orion spacecraft. Led by Commander Reid Wiseman, the crew of four will embark on a circumlunar journey, venturing beyond the far side of the Moon prior to their return to Earth. This mission will be a vital test of Orion’s life support systems, navigation, and reentry capabilities, setting the stage for the first crewed lunar landing under Artemis III.

Despite the setbacks, Artemis II signifies a vital progression in NASA’s lunar exploration objectives. The mission will be the first instance of humans traveling near the Moon since the Apollo program, with the possibility for the crew to establish a new record for the farthest distance from Earth.

### Wider Implications for the Artemis Initiative

The setbacks to Artemis II have caused a ripple effect on the overall timeline of the Artemis initiative. Artemis III, initially scheduled as the program’s first crewed lunar landing, has been postponed to at least mid-2027. This mission aims to land astronauts at the Moon’s south pole, an area of scientific significance due to its potential water ice reserves.

The program’s hurdles extend beyond technical difficulties. The considerable expenses linked to the SLS rocket and Orion spacecraft have faced criticism, leading to discussions regarding alternative methods for lunar exploration. Some specialists propose utilizing commercial hardware, such as SpaceX’s Starship, which provides greater lift capacity and reusability at a considerably reduced cost.

### The Road Ahead

As NASA navigates these challenges, the Artemis initiative remains a testament to human creativity and aspiration. The insights gleaned from Artemis I and the adjustments ahead will continue to shape the future of lunar exploration.

“Groundbreaking Drone Incorporates Legged Landing Gear for Improved Launch Performance”

# The RAVEN: A Drone Inspired by Birds Transforming Robotics

The realm of robotics and drone technology is continuously advancing, as researchers explore new possibilities for machines. Among the latest breakthroughs in this sector is the RAVEN (Robotic Avian-inspired Vehicle for multiple ENvironments), a fixed-wing flying robot crafted by a group of Swiss scientists at the École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL). In contrast to standard drones, RAVEN boasts bird-like robotic legs, which enable it to walk, hop over barriers, and initiate takeoff by jumping. This distinctive blend of functionalities renders RAVEN a multifunctional and energy-efficient solution suitable for a range of applications, from search and rescue operations to parcel delivery in remote locations.

## The Limitations of Traditional Drones

The majority of drones available today are rotary-wing quadcopters that offer excellent maneuverability and can take off and land practically anywhere. However, they are less energy-efficient than fixed-wing aircraft, which can travel farther distances and remain airborne for longer durations. Conversely, fixed-wing drones necessitate a runway, launcher, or manual toss to achieve flight, which restricts their applicability in various settings.

To address these challenges, the EPFL team developed RAVEN utilizing a bio-inspired design. By integrating robotic legs, the drone is capable of taking off and landing in challenging environments, as well as maneuvering around ground obstacles, which makes it a multifaceted tool for complex missions.

## Learning from Birds: Bio-Inspired Design

Integrating legs into a drone presented the key challenge of handling the added weight and complexity. Traditional robotic legs designed for ground robots were too cumbersome and heavy for an aerial machine. To tackle this, researchers analyzed the leg mass-to-body weight ratio of several bird species. They discovered that smaller birds, such as the carrion crow, had relatively light legs, which provided inspiration for RAVEN’s engineering.

The robotic legs of RAVEN closely resemble those of actual birds, with some design simplifications implemented to reduce weight. The configuration consists of a two-segment limb with most of the mass centered around the hip joint. An ankle joint is activated using a system of pulleys and a timing belt, while the foot is designed with three forward-facing toes and a backward-facing hallux. To boost performance, the team included a torsional spring in the ankle joint, enabling the legs to capture and release energy during a jumping takeoff, akin to how birds utilize their muscle-tendon systems.

## A Surprising Efficiency: Jumping Takeoff

One of RAVEN’s most striking features is its capability for a jumping takeoff. By crouching and quickly extending its legs, the robot can reach the required speed to become airborne in just 0.17 seconds. This technique proved to be more energy-efficient than initially anticipated. Although the jumping takeoff consumed slightly more energy compared to alternative methods, like standing or falling takeoffs, it achieved significantly greater acceleration, making it the most efficient option overall.

The energy efficiency of the jumping takeoff was evaluated by comparing the energy input (the power consumed during takeoff) to the energy output (kinetic and potential energy at takeoff). The findings indicated that jumping was 9.7 times more efficient than a standing takeoff and 4.9 times more efficient than a falling takeoff.

## Adaptability in Challenging Conditions

RAVEN’s robotic legs grant it the ability to undertake tasks unattainable for standard drones. In trials, the robot adeptly navigated a low-ceiling passage, leaped across a gap, and hopped onto an obstacle. These skills make it perfect for missions in intricate environments, like disaster zones or rough terrain.

Nevertheless, the current iteration of RAVEN has some constraints. Its control system lacks adaptability, meaning the robot must be reprogrammed for each individual task. Additionally, RAVEN is not yet capable of using its legs for landing, a capability the researchers aim to develop in upcoming versions.

## Future Enhancements: Towards a Truly Avian Robot

The EPFL team has ambitious aspirations for enhancing RAVEN’s functionalities. Future improvements will include the integration of sensors, such as vision or haptic sensors, to boost landing accuracy. The researchers are also investigating the potential for foldable wings, which would enable the robot to navigate narrow spaces, and flapping wings, which could increase both takeoff and landing efficiency.

These enhancements aspire to establish RAVEN as an essential asset for search and rescue operations, allowing it to swiftly reach disaster sites, traverse difficult ground on foot, and take off again to continue its mission. Another possible application is parcel delivery in remote regions, like mountainous areas, where conventional delivery methods can be both costly and inefficient.

## Conclusion

RAVEN signifies a considerable advancement in drone technology, merging the energy efficiency of fixed-wing aircraft with the versatility of bird-like legs. By

“Broadcom Modifies Approach to Tackle Issues Surrounding VMware Migration Strategies”

### Broadcom’s Strategic Realignment: Concentrating on VMware’s Leading 500 Customers

Broadcom’s takeover of VMware has marked a pivotal shift in the IT sector, initiating substantial alterations in VMware’s operational and customer engagement practices. In a significant shift, Broadcom has declared that it will cease direct management of VMware’s 2,000 largest customers. Instead, the firm will concentrate on the top 500 accounts, enabling channel partners to reconnect with the remaining 1,500 clients. This strategy appears to be an effort to alleviate customer discontent and deter transitions to other platforms. Nonetheless, skepticism lingers regarding the efficacy of this approach and its implications for VMware’s future.

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### Broadcom’s Original Tactics and Customer Reactions

Upon acquiring VMware, Broadcom enacted several contentious changes that upset the existing balance. These included:

1. **Abolishing Perpetual Licenses**: Broadcom halted the sale of VMware’s perpetual licenses, compelling clients to switch to subscription-based models.
2. **Consolidated SKUs**: The bundling of VMware products into a smaller number of stock-keeping units (SKUs) reduced customer flexibility.
3. **Cancellation of Channel Partner Program**: The termination of VMware’s channel partner program marginalized partners who had previously been instrumental in customer interactions.

These alterations, along with steep price hikes, alienated a significant portion of the clientele. For example, UK-based cloud provider Beeks Group reported an astonishing 1,000% rise in VMware expenses, leading it to transition the majority of its 20,000+ virtual machines to OpenNebula. Additionally, a survey commissioned by Veeam indicated that 56% of organizations planned to lessen their VMware reliance by mid-2025, attributing their dissatisfaction to Broadcom’s pricing and policies.

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### Broadcom’s Revised Approach: Reintroducing Channel Partners

In response to escalating customer disappointment and potential migrations, Broadcom has revised its approach. The organization will now oversee only the top 500 VMware clients directly, leaving the other 1,500 significant accounts to channel partners. This change aims to:

– **Utilize Channel Expertise**: Channel partners can deliver localized assistance and added value to clients, which could enhance customer satisfaction.
– **Promote Partner Involvement**: Broadcom is incentivizing channel partners with 15% of the value of the deals they secure to subsidize professional services, ensuring VMware software is rapidly operational for customers.
– **Stimulate Private Cloud Adoption**: By engaging partners, Broadcom intends to boost the adoption of its private cloud bundles, which promise appealing returns on investment for clients.

This strategic change aligns with Broadcom CEO Hock Tan’s overarching ambition to streamline VMware’s operations while enhancing profitability. However, analysts express doubt about whether this initiative will significantly prevent migrations.

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### The Wider Consequences for VMware Clients

Broadcom’s takeover has prompted numerous companies to reevaluate their dependence on VMware. Although VMware has long been recognized as a leader in virtualization, the acquisition has underscored the dangers of vendor lock-in, particularly for small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). These organizations face the most significant challenges due to Broadcom’s changes, including increased costs and decreased flexibility.

A Veeam survey revealed that SMEs are more inclined than large enterprises to contemplate moving away from VMware. This is partly because larger enterprises, which are now directly managed by Broadcom, possess the resources to absorb elevated costs and navigate the new environment. In contrast, SMEs frequently lack the financial and technical means to adjust, rendering them more susceptible to disruption.

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### Migration Patterns and Alternatives to VMware

Despite the obstacles, the shift away from VMware remains relatively limited at present. Alastair Edwards, chief analyst at Canalys, states that Broadcom’s emphasis on private cloud bundles may assist in retaining certain clients. However, the upcoming months will be crucial as organizations finalize their long-term IT strategies.

For those exploring alternatives, options like OpenNebula, Microsoft Hyper-V, and Red Hat Virtualization are gaining popularity. These platforms present competitive features and pricing, making them appealing choices for businesses looking to lessen their VMware dependency.

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### Is Broadcom Taking Sufficient Action?

Broadcom’s choice to reintegrate channel partners and concentrate on its top 500 clients is a positive step, but it may not adequately resolve the fundamental issues. The organization’s reputation has suffered, and restoring trust with clients and partners will necessitate more than mere strategic changes.

Rick Vanover, VP of product strategy at Veeam, asserts that channel partners will be vital in assisting clients in deciding whether to remain with VMware or switch to other platforms. However, he also points out that the impact of Broadcom’s recent actions on migration patterns is anticipated to be “minimal.”

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### The Path Forward

Broadcom’s acquisition of VMware has served as a wake-up call for the IT sector, urging organizations to rethink their virtualization strategies. While Broadcom’s latest maneuvers may aid in retaining some clients,

Judge Rejects Boeing Plea Agreement Contested by Families of Crash Victims

### Boeing Encounters Legal Setback as Judge Dismisses Plea Agreement Regarding 737 Max Crashes

In a noteworthy legal turn, a U.S. judge has dismissed a plea agreement between Boeing and the federal authorities, expressing concerns over accountability, adherence to regulations, and the method for appointing an independent monitor. This ruling signifies a crucial moment in the ongoing repercussions from the two deadly Boeing 737 Max crashes in Indonesia and Ethiopia, which resulted in 346 fatalities and revealed significant weaknesses in the company’s safety and regulatory practices.

#### Background: The 737 Max Incidents and Deferred Prosecution Agreement

The dispute surrounding Boeing originates from two tragic crashes involving the 737 Max aircraft in 2018 and 2019. Investigations uncovered that Boeing had deceived regulators regarding the safety of the aircraft’s Maneuvering Characteristics Augmentation System (MCAS), a software component linked to both accidents. In 2021, Boeing entered into a deferred prosecution agreement (DPA) with the Department of Justice (DOJ), agreeing to pay $2.5 billion in penalties, compensation for victims’ families, and fines to airline clients. The DPA permitted Boeing to evade criminal prosecution by committing to improved compliance and ethical standards.

However, the DOJ later concluded that Boeing had breached the terms of the DPA by failing to develop an effective compliance and ethics program. This resulted in a new plea agreement in July 2024, in which Boeing consented to plead guilty to conspiracy to defraud the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) and pay an extra $243.6 million fine. The agreement also suggested appointing an independent monitor to supervise Boeing’s compliance initiatives.

#### Judge’s Rejection of the Plea Agreement

On October 2024, Judge Reed O’Connor of the U.S. District Court for the Northern District of Texas dismissed the plea agreement, aligning with the families of crash victims who contended that the arrangement inadequately held Boeing accountable. In his decision, O’Connor condemned the government’s oversight of Boeing, stating, “The Government has monitored Boeing for three years now… it is fair to say the Government’s attempt to ensure compliance has failed.”

The judge raised several pivotal objections to the plea agreement:

1. **Selection of the Independent Monitor**: O’Connor criticized the procedure for appointing the independent monitor, noting that the agreement diminished the court’s role in the selection and oversight process. He also disapproved of the inclusion of diversity and inclusion factors in the selection procedure, arguing that it could compromise public trust in the monitor’s competence.

2. **Ineffective Recommendations**: The judge pointed out that the agreement did not mandate Boeing to comply with the monitor’s anti-fraud suggestions, making the monitor’s role ineffective. “The plea agreement prohibits imposing as a condition of probation a requirement for Boeing to comply with the monitor’s anti-fraud recommendations,” O’Connor noted.

3. **Concerns Over Accountability**: The judge voiced doubts regarding Boeing’s dedication to compliance and ethics, referencing the company’s history of violations and the government’s failure to enforce the DPA effectively.

#### Victims’ Families Seek Increased Accountability

Families of the crash victims have been outspoken against the plea agreement, arguing that it provides Boeing with excessive leniency. In a statement, their attorneys criticized the deal for “unfairly making concessions to Boeing that other criminal defendants would never receive.” They also called for increased court involvement in selecting and monitoring the independent monitor to ensure true accountability.

#### Implications of the Ruling

The dismissal of the plea agreement places Boeing and the DOJ at a crucial juncture. The parties must now renegotiate the terms of the agreement or prepare for a trial concerning the charge of conspiracy to defraud the FAA. A trial could expose Boeing to greater legal and financial liabilities, as well as further tarnish its reputation.

The ruling also highlights broader issues regarding corporate accountability and regulatory oversight. Judge O’Connor’s decision emphasizes the difficulties of enforcing compliance in cases involving large corporations with substantial resources and influence. The case serves as a reminder of the necessity for robust mechanisms to ensure that companies adhere to ethical and legal standards, particularly in sectors where public safety is at risk.

#### Looking Forward

Boeing and the DOJ have been instructed to convene and provide the court with an update on their next steps within 30 days. The outcome of these discussions will have significant implications for Boeing’s future and the larger aviation sector. As the company strives to restore trust with regulators, customers, and the public, it faces increasing pressure to demonstrate a sincere commitment to safety and accountability.

For the families of the 737 Max crash victims, the struggle for justice persists. Their advocacy has already played a vital role in shaping the legal proceedings, and their voices will likely remain central as the case progresses. Whether through a revised plea agreement or a trial, the hope is that the legal process will ultimately yield the accountability and reforms required to avert such tragedies in the future.