AllYouCanTech

FDA Acts to Eliminate Unproductive Decongestant from Store Stock After Many Years

# The Fall of Oral Phenylephrine: FDA Acts Against a Widely Used Cold Remedy

In a pivotal decision, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has begun the process of eliminating oral phenylephrine from over-the-counter (OTC) cold and allergy treatments. This action comes in response to years of accumulating evidence indicating that the medication, often utilized as a decongestant, fails to alleviate nasal congestion. Last year, FDA advisors unanimously determined that oral phenylephrine is ineffective, and the agency is now working to formally withdraw it from the market.

## What is Phenylephrine?

Phenylephrine serves as a decongestant by narrowing blood vessels in the nasal passages, theoretically reducing swelling and clearing airways. Since its FDA approval in 1976, it has been a key component in many well-known OTC cold and allergy formulations, such as Sudafed PE. However, it gained prominence post-2006 when the “Combat Methamphetamine Epidemic Act of 2005” restricted pseudoephedrine—another decongestant—behind pharmacy counters due to its association with illegal methamphetamine production. Consequently, phenylephrine became the preferred ingredient in many readily available decongestants.

## The FDA’s Decision

On Thursday, the FDA proposed an order to eliminate oral phenylephrine from the OTC monograph, signifying that manufacturers would no longer be allowed to include it in products aimed at providing temporary relief from nasal congestion. Patrizia Cavazzoni, director of the FDA’s Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, emphasized the agency’s obligation to ensure that medications are both safe and effective. “Based on our evaluation of the available data and consistent with the advisory committee’s recommendations, we are proceeding with this next step to propose the removal of oral phenylephrine, as it is ineffective as a nasal decongestant,” she remarked.

### A Long Time Coming

The FDA’s decision is the result of years of investigation and reassessment. Although phenylephrine received initial approval in the 1970s, its effectiveness has been questioned for many years. An FDA panel reassessed the drug in 2007, and while they maintained its approval, they called for further research. This led to three substantial, well-structured studies—two conducted by Merck for seasonal allergies and one by Johnson & Johnson for the common cold. All three studies revealed no significant difference between phenylephrine and a placebo.

Last year, the FDA closely examined the original 14 studies from the 1950s to the 1970s that had granted phenylephrine its initial approval. The agency discovered that these studies employed outdated and unreliable methods for assessing nasal congestion, and even then, their results were inconsistent. The overall efficacy conclusion relied on just two studies, both conducted in the same laboratory, and no other research facility has successfully replicated those findings. Upon further scrutiny, FDA scientists noted that some data from these studies appeared to be “too good to be true.”

### The Science Behind the Failure

One primary reason for the ineffectiveness of oral phenylephrine is its rapid metabolism in the gastrointestinal tract. When taken orally, fewer than 1 percent of the drug remains active in the body, indicating it does not enter the bloodstream in adequate amounts to constrict blood vessels and alleviate nasal congestion. This also accounts for why the drug does not produce the side effects, such as elevated blood pressure, occasionally seen with pseudoephedrine. Initially, this absence of side effects was regarded as a benefit, but looking back, it was a clear indicator that the drug was not functional.

### Industry Pushback

In spite of the substantial evidence against phenylephrine, the Consumer Healthcare Products Association (CHPA), representing manufacturers of phenylephrine-containing products, has voiced dissatisfaction with the FDA’s ruling. CHPA CEO Scott Melville released a statement declaring, “As scientific methods evolve, new data should be assessed in the context of the entire body of available evidence, rather than replacing the previous evidence entirely—especially for an ingredient as safely and widely used as PE.” The CHPA intends to review the FDA’s proposed order and provide feedback during the public comment phase.

### What Happens Next?

The FDA’s proposed order has yet to be finalized. The agency will initiate a public comment phase, allowing stakeholders to share their views. If no strong evidence contradicts the FDA’s findings, the order will become final, and manufacturers will be granted a grace period to reformulate their products without phenylephrine.

Some retailers, including CVS, have already begun the process of pulling products containing phenylephrine as the sole active ingredient from their inventory. However, the industry’s resistance indicates that the discussion surrounding phenylephrine may continue.

### Conclusion

The FDA’s initiative to eliminate oral phenylephrine from the market

Sega Set to Take Down 60 Classic Games from Steam – Final Opportunity to Buy

### Sega’s Classic Games Are Vanishing: Essential Information You Should Have

For many years, Sega has stood as a fundamental element of the gaming realm, offering legendary titles across an array of console generations. Spanning from the Master System to the Dreamcast, Sega’s collection of games has made a lasting impression on gaming heritage. Nevertheless, as of December 26, 2024, a significant number of these cherished classics will be removed from major digital marketplaces, including Steam, Xbox, PlayStation, and Nintendo Switch. While gamers who have previously acquired these titles will maintain access, newcomers will soon encounter a “nostalgia tax” if they wish to recover these classic treasures down the line.

#### A Fond Goodbye

Sega has been progressively reissuing its classic games on contemporary platforms for years. Titles from the Master System, Genesis (Mega Drive), Saturn, and Dreamcast have all been revived on digital stores. However, the company has recently revealed that over 60 of these titles will be taken off the shelf post-December 26, 2024. This announcement has sent many fans rushing to acquire their favorite titles before they vanish.

According to Sega, players who have bought these games in the past will still have the ability to download and enjoy them after the removal date. However, new purchases will no longer be an option. While Sega has not offered a definitive explanation for this action, many theorize that the company is gearing up to introduce new collections or bundles of these classic titles, akin to its previous “Sonic Origins” release.

#### The Path Ahead for Sega Classics

This isn’t the first occasion Sega has withdrawn titles from digital platforms. In 2022, the firm delisted several Sonic games in anticipation of the *Sonic Origins* launch, a compilation that grouped multiple Sonic games with enhanced features and downloadable content (DLC). Although *Sonic Origins* received mixed feedback, it established a model for how Sega might approach its other franchises in the future.

Sega currently has numerous bundles available on Steam, including the *Mega Drive and Genesis Classics* collection and the *Dreamcast Collection*. These bundles will still be accessible to those who have previously bought them, yet it remains uncertain if Sega intends to produce updated versions or wholly new collections in the future. If past trends are reliable, these forthcoming collections may include extra content or features, but they might also carry a steeper price.

#### What You Should Do Before the Cutoff

If you’re a devotee of Sega’s classic titles, now is the moment to take action. The following games are just a handful of the essential titles that will soon be unavailable for purchase:

– **Crazy Taxi** – One of Sega’s quintessential arcade experiences, *Crazy Taxi* invites players to zip through a lively city, picking up passengers and dropping them off at their destinations in no time. The game’s frenetic gameplay and unforgettable soundtrack (featuring The Offspring) have secured its status as a fan favorite over the years.

– **Jet Set Radio** – Renowned for its distinctive art style and groundbreaking gameplay, *Jet Set Radio* presents a rollerblading, graffiti-tagging quest set in a futuristic Tokyo. The vibrant visuals and captivating soundtrack have garnered it a passionate following.

– **Ecco the Dolphin** – A calmer yet equally demanding journey, *Ecco the Dolphin* is a puzzle-platformer that follows a dolphin on a mission to rescue his pod from an alien menace. The game’s underwater landscapes and evocative soundtrack make it a highlight from the Genesis era.

– **Shining Force** and **Shining Force II** – These turn-based strategy RPGs rank among the finest in their genre, featuring in-depth tactical gameplay and a memorable cast of characters. Retro RPG enthusiasts will find these titles essential.

– **Virtua Fighter 2** – A trailblazer in the realm of 3D fighting games, *Virtua Fighter 2* delivers fast-paced, technical clashes that have endured through the years. Whether you’re an experienced fighter or a newcomer, this game deserves a spot in your collection.

– **Space Channel 5 Part 2** – An eccentric rhythm game that has players grooving through a sequence of increasingly absurd situations, *Space Channel 5 Part 2* is a lesser-known treasure in Sega’s portfolio. Its distinctive gameplay and quirky humor make it a remarkable title.

– **Dr. Robotnik’s Mean Bean Machine** – This puzzle game, reminiscent of *Puyo Puyo*, presents challenging gameplay enhanced with a Sonic-themed twist. It’s an unexpected yet delightful addition to Sega’s offerings.

#### What Will Occur After December 26?

While Sega has not disclosed any particular plans for what’s next, many anticipate that the company will reissue these titles in new collections or bundles. However, it’s likely that these upcoming releases may come at a higher price or include extra content that wasn’t in the original versions.

“Trump’s Possible FCC Chair Shares Vision for Agency in Project 2025 Section”

### Brendan Carr’s FCC Agenda: Data Caps, Big Tech, and SpaceX Funding

FCC Commissioner Brendan Carr, a Republican who has consistently opposed net neutrality and various broadband regulations, has presented a vision for the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) that could fundamentally alter U.S. telecommunications policy. Serving on the FCC since 2017, Carr is considered a strong contender to head the agency if a second Trump administration emerges. His policy goals, outlined in his contributions to the conservative Heritage Foundation’s *Project 2025*, prioritize the deregulation of Internet service providers (ISPs), enhanced scrutiny of Big Tech, and a potential shift in governmental funding for broadband infrastructure.

### Carr’s Position on Data Caps and Broadband Regulation

One of Carr’s more contentious stances is his endorsement of data caps, which numerous consumers perceive as unwarranted limitations on their Internet usage. Data caps restrict the data amount a consumer can utilize before incurring extra charges or experiencing reduced speeds. While many advocates for consumers contend that data caps are anti-competitive and detrimental to users, Carr has defended them as a method to provide more budget-friendly Internet plans. He has maintained that banning data caps would essentially regulate service rates, a power he believes the FCC does not possess.

Carr’s resistance to the FCC’s recent investigation into data caps, launched under Democratic Chairwoman Jessica Rosenworcel, embodies his overarching belief in minimal regulation. He has characterized the inquiry as part of the Biden administration’s “march towards rate regulation” and raised alarms that it might lead to governmental overreach in the broadband sector. Carr’s position is consistent with his greater aim of lessening FCC oversight of ISPs, a viewpoint he has held since working as a legal advisor to former FCC Chairman Ajit Pai.

### Confronting Big Tech and Section 230

Alongside his backing for ISPs, Carr has called for enhanced regulation of Big Tech companies, especially social media platforms. He has strongly advocated for a reinterpretation of Section 230 of the Communications Decency Act, a statute that protects online platforms from liability for user-generated content. Carr contends that the courts have broadly interpreted Section 230, granting platforms such as Facebook, Twitter (now X), and Google excessive latitude in content moderation.

Carr’s perspective on Section 230 coincides with former President Donald Trump’s initiatives to regulate social media platforms which he and other conservatives allege exhibit anti-conservative bias. In 2020, Trump requested that the FCC reconsider Section 230, but the endeavor stalled after then-Commissioner Michael O’Rielly expressed concerns regarding First Amendment implications. Nevertheless, Carr has persisted in advocating modifications to Section 230, asserting that the FCC possesses the authority to act since the law is part of the Communications Act.

Carr’s concentration on Big Tech also encompasses national security issues, particularly concerning TikTok, the Chinese-owned social media app. He has urged the FCC to tackle what he perceives as the national security threats associated with TikTok, claiming that the platform could be exploited by the Chinese government to sway American public opinion.

### Targeting NBC and Media Regulation

Carr has garnered attention for his critique of major media outlets, notably NBC. In the lead-up to the 2020 presidential election, Carr accused NBC of breaching the FCC’s Equal Time rule by featuring then-Democratic vice-presidential candidate Kamala Harris on *Saturday Night Live*. The Equal Time rule mandates broadcasters to provide equal airtime to all legally qualified political candidates if they offer time to one candidate. Carr argued that NBC’s choice to showcase Harris was a clear attempt to circumvent the rule, although media advocacy groups and legal experts have noted that NBC indeed provided equal time to the Trump campaign.

Carr’s reproach of NBC is part of a larger trend of targeting media organizations he believes are biased against conservatives. He has suggested that the FCC should contemplate penalties, including license revocations, for broadcasters that contravene the Equal Time rule or engage in other perceived biases. Though Carr’s capacity to take unilateral action is restricted, his beliefs imply that a Carr-led FCC might adopt a more proactive approach against media organizations perceived as adversarial to conservative perspectives.

### Funding for SpaceX and Broadband Expansion

Carr has also been a robust supporter of augmenting government funding for broadband infrastructure, particularly for satellite-based Internet services like Elon Musk’s Starlink. In 2022, the FCC turned down SpaceX’s request for $886 million in government funding, citing worries about the capacity and dependability of Starlink’s low-Earth orbit satellite technology. Carr has been sharply critical of this decision, accusing the Biden administration of politically targeting Musk’s businesses.

Carr’s advocacy for Starlink aligns with a wider push to improve broadband access in rural and underserved communities. He has argued that the FCC should establish a “market

“Factors Influencing Expected Price Hikes and Extra Advertisements on Max in the Coming Year”

### WBD Executive Optimistic That Trump Administration May Facilitate Increased Streaming M&As

As the streaming landscape progresses, Warner Bros. Discovery (WBD) is gearing up for a future where mergers and acquisitions (M&As) could be integral to sustaining profitability. In a recent earnings call for Q3 2024, WBD CEO David Zaslav conveyed hope that the forthcoming Trump administration might foster an environment favorable for additional consolidation in the streaming arena. This optimism arises as WBD faces challenges in its diverse business segments, despite signs of growth from its direct-to-consumer (DTC) streaming platforms, Max and Discovery+.

#### Streaming Sector Consolidation: An Essential Strategy?

Zaslav has consistently advocated for increased consolidation within the streaming sector. He highlighted the increasing complexity for users, who often find themselves managing numerous subscriptions and navigating various platforms to access desired content. “It’s not sustainable,” Zaslav remarked, criticizing the current state of the streaming industry. He suggested that larger entities might soon pursue mergers or acquisitions of smaller platforms to simplify service offerings and alleviate consumer confusion.

He also proposed that the Trump administration could expedite this trend. Although it’s premature to forecast specific policies, he indicated that the incoming government might provide “a pace of change and an opportunity for consolidation that could differ significantly,” potentially assisting the streaming sector by nurturing a more favorable regulatory landscape for M&As.

#### The Importance of Streaming in WBD’s Future Plans

While Zaslav is optimistic regarding impending M&As, WBD is already heavily relying on its streaming services to stimulate growth. The company’s DTC division, which encompasses Max, Discovery+, and HBO, reported a profit of $289 million for Q3 2024. This is a noteworthy achievement for WBD, as its streaming offerings continue to gain subscribers and elevate average revenue per user (ARPU). Notably, WBD attracted 7.2 million new subscribers in the quarter, increasing its total to 110.5 million.

However, this achievement coincides with difficulties in other sectors of WBD’s operations. The company’s theatrical revenue plummeted by 40 percent, with films like *Beetlejuice Beetlejuice* not matching the success of last year’s *Barbie*. Furthermore, WBD’s overall revenue fell by 3 percent year-over-year, underscoring the escalating significance of its streaming division.

#### Anticipated Price Increases and Password Sharing Enforcement: The Future of Streaming Earnings

As WBD aims to expand its streaming operations, subscribers should prepare for possible price increases and stricter password-sharing enforcement. During the earnings call, WBD CFO Gunnar Wiedenfels confirmed that the company is set to implement actions to limit password sharing, initiating with “soft messaging” before intensifying enforcement in 2025 and 2026. Wiedenfels acknowledged that these measures are essentially “a form of price increases,” akin to strategies already executed by Netflix and other streaming platforms.

Alongside password-sharing limitations, WBD executives hinted at additional subscription price hikes. JB Perrette, WBD’s CEO of global streaming and games, observed that Max has raised prices twice in the last two years but perceives there is still potential for further increases. “We believe the premium nature of our product allows us considerable space to continue raising prices,” Perrette stated.

#### The Rising Importance of Advertising in Streaming

In addition to potential price increases, WBD is also investigating avenues to enhance ad revenue from its streaming services. Currently, Max features an ad-supported tier, but Perrette characterized the ad load as “light” compared to its rivals. He proposed that WBD could add more advertisements without alienating its subscriber base, especially as users grow accustomed to ads across streaming platforms.

Nevertheless, WBD’s approach carries risks. As streaming services like Max implement more ads and increase prices, they risk driving subscribers to cancel or switch to rival platforms. WBD is banking on the notion that most users will accept the changes or choose ad-free subscriptions rather than leaving the platform entirely.

#### Future Challenges for WBD

While WBD’s streaming division is experiencing growth, the company encounters notable obstacles in its other business segments. The cable and film industries are facing difficulties, and the company’s networks division reported a decrease in revenue. Moreover, some elements that previously bolstered WBD’s financial performance, such as revenue from distributing the Olympics in Europe and the conclusion of the Hollywood writers’ and actors’ strikes, will not be available in upcoming quarters.

Zaslav recognized these hurdles but remains hopeful about the prospects for WBD’s streaming services. He stressed the importance of leveraging the company’s existing momentum in streaming to counterbalance declines in other divisions.

#### What Lies Ahead: Will M&As Benefit or Harm Consumers?

As WBD and other streaming leaders strive for increased consolidation, the major

Amazon Affirms Development of Mass Effect TV Series

# Amazon’s *Mass Effect* TV Series Announcement: A Variety of Talent

Amazon has officially announced plans to develop a TV series inspired by the cherished *Mass Effect* video game franchise. This revelation follows months of speculation and chatter, initially reported by sources such as [Ars Technica](https://arstechnica.com/gaming/2021/11/amazon-is-nearing-a-deal-to-make-a-mass-effect-tv-series/) and

Individual Initiates Legal Action Against Intel, Alleging the Corporation Hid CPU Flaws Associated with System Failures

# Intel Faces Class Action Lawsuit Regarding Defective 13th and 14th Generation CPUs

Intel, a top player in the semiconductor industry, is confronting a major legal issue as a class action lawsuit has been initiated against the firm concerning its 13th and 14th generation CPUs. The lawsuit, led by New York resident Mark Vanvalkenburgh, accuses Intel of misleading marketing tactics and failing to reveal known flaws in its processors, which have reportedly resulted in extensive instability, crashes, and even the potential for irreversible damage to computers.

## The Claims: Deceptive Marketing and Unstable Products

As stated in the lawsuit, Intel advertised its 13th-generation CPUs, known as “Raptor Lake,” as “the world’s fastest desktop processor” capable of providing the “best gaming, streaming, and recording experience” on the market. However, Vanvalkenburgh and other impacted consumers contend that the actual performance did not align with Intel’s claims. Instead of delivering a smooth and high-performing experience, the CPUs frequently encountered random crashes, black screens, and system restarts.

Vanvalkenburgh’s complaint asserts that Intel was aware of these problems as early as late 2022 or early 2023, shortly after releasing the 13th-generation processors. In spite of this awareness, Intel continued to promote the processors without divulging the defects, leading customers to believe they were acquiring dependable, high-performance products. The lawsuit states that had customers been informed of the defects, they would not have opted to pay a premium price for the CPUs.

## Class Action Scope and Potential Ramifications

The lawsuit seeks class action certification, potentially encompassing hundreds of thousands or even millions of customers throughout the United States. Class members would include anyone who acquired the flawed 13th- or 14th-generation Intel CPUs. Additionally, a sub-class of buyers based in New York is pursuing further claims under state-specific consumer protection laws.

A significant aspect of the lawsuit is the assertion that Intel reportedly experienced “unusually high” return rates for the 13th-generation CPUs within months following their launch. Reports from media outlets and user complaints throughout 2023 and 2024 further underscored the persistent problems with the processors, yet Intel continued to market the products without publicly addressing the issues.

## Intel’s Reaction and Ongoing Legal Proceedings

Intel has not commented on the current lawsuit, but in previous statements, the company acknowledged the instability challenges affecting some of its 13th- and 14th-generation CPUs. In July 2024, Intel affirmed its “commitment to ensuring that all customers experiencing instability symptoms on their 13th and/or 14th Gen desktop processors receive support during the exchange process.”

Nonetheless, many customers remain dissatisfied with Intel’s management of the situation. On platforms such as Reddit, users have voiced concerns over the lack of transparency from Intel, with some urging the company to publish batch numbers of affected CPUs to aid customers in determining if their products are at risk. Others have expressed discontent with Intel’s decision to offer only a two-year warranty extension, arguing that a lifetime warranty would be more suitable given the severity of the defects.

## The Legal Claims: Fraud, Deception, and Unjust Enrichment

Vanvalkenburgh’s lawsuit accuses Intel of intentionally concealing information, engaging in deceptive marketing practices, and unjust enrichment. The complaint claims that Intel deliberately kept knowledge of the defects hidden to safeguard its brand and enhance sales. By not disclosing the issues, Intel allegedly misled consumers into paying a premium for processors that were unreliable and susceptible to failure.

The lawsuit seeks a variety of damages, including compensation for the financial harm suffered by customers who purchased the defective CPUs. Furthermore, Vanvalkenburgh requests punitive damages to discourage Intel from similar future conduct. Should the class action be certified and the court side with the plaintiffs, Intel might face hundreds of millions of dollars in damages.

## The Broader Impact on Intel’s Image

This lawsuit emerges at a pivotal moment for Intel, as the firm contends with intensified competition from rivals like AMD and Apple in the semiconductor sector. Intel’s reputation for producing dependable, high-quality processors has been fundamental to its success, especially among gamers, content creators, and professionals who depend on robust desktop systems.

The accusations of misleading marketing and faulty products could leave a lasting impression on Intel’s brand image, particularly if the lawsuit results in substantial financial repercussions for the company. Moreover, the ongoing instability problems with the 13th- and 14th-generation CPUs have left many customers feeling irritated and anxious about the reliability of their systems.

## Conclusion: A Legal Battle with Significant Stakes

As the class action lawsuit against Intel progresses, the company may face the prospect of incurring significant damages and experiencing harm to its reputation. The case’s outcome will likely hinge on whether the court determines that Intel knowingly concealed the defects in its 13th- and 14th-generation CPUs and

Summary of Key Highlights from Our “AI in DC” Conference: What You Might Have Overlooked

**Ars Technica Hosts AI and Infrastructure Event at the International Spy Museum**

Recently, Ars Technica convened a collection of professionals, enthusiasts, and inquisitive individuals for an inspiring event at the International Spy Museum in Washington, D.C. This assembly, which included a variety of panel discussions, concentrated on the convergence of artificial intelligence (AI), infrastructure, security, and compliance. The gathering was not only educational but also a social occasion, featuring cocktails and networking prospects that created a dynamic and unforgettable experience.

### Setting the Scene: A Spy-Themed Venue

The selected location was appropriate for the gathering’s focus on security and espionage. The International Spy Museum, recognized for its displays on covert operations and intelligence, provided a captivating setting for the conversations. The event commenced with Ars Technica’s Editor-in-Chief Ken Fisher taking the platform to welcome more than 200 participants who assembled in one of the conference spaces located on the upper floors of the museum.

Fisher established the mood by highlighting the contemporary significance of the subjects under discussion, particularly regarding how AI is transforming business practices. “Generative AI holds significant promise for enhancing finance, assisting with operational costs, and improving planning,” Fisher noted. He underlined that AI could not only change content generation but also pivotal business processes such as first-party data handling and software development.

### Panel 1: Compliance in the Age of Emerging Technologies

The initial panel, titled “The Key to Compliance with Emerging Technologies,” included Anton Dam (VP of Engineering at AuditBoard), John Verdi (Future of Privacy Forum), and Jim Comstock (Cloud Storage Program Director at IBM). The dialogue concentrated on how organizations can remain compliant with swiftly changing regulations, especially in the realm of AI and data privacy.

Dam emphasized the necessity of a proactive approach: “To maintain compliance, you cannot be reactive; you must anticipate and act before agency guidance is released.” Verdi added that implementing a “privacy by design” strategy—where compliance is integrated into products from the outset—can aid businesses in navigating the intricate regulatory landscape. Comstock pointed out the difficulties related to cross-border data compliance, particularly when collaborating with cloud providers that manage data across various countries, each governed by its own legal framework.

### Panel 2: AI and Cybersecurity

The second panel, “Data Security in the Age of AI-Assisted Cyber Espionage,” featured specialists such as Sean Gallagher (Sophos X-Ops), Kate Highnam (Booz-Allen Hamilton), Dr. Scott White (George Washington University), and Elisa Ortiz (IBM). The panel examined the escalating risks posed by AI within the domain of cybersecurity.

Gallagher opened with a grim assessment of present cyber threats, including the emergence of “pig butchering” scams—romance scams that leverage AI to navigate language barriers and exploit victims. Highnam talked about the application of AI in identifying cyber-espionage activities while stressing the necessity for human oversight. “AI excels at generalizing our directives,” she stated, “but ultimately, we must ensure that our assumptions are clear.” Ortiz concluded the conversation by highlighting the weaknesses in backup systems, advocating for real-time anomaly detection to identify potential threats.

### Panel 3: Finding the Right Infrastructure for AI/ML

The closing panel, “The Best Infrastructure Solution for Your AI/ML Strategy,” addressed the intricate question of establishing the appropriate infrastructure for AI and machine learning (ML). Panel participants included Daniel Fenton (JLL), Arun Natarajan (IRS), Amy Hirst (IBM), and Matt Klos (IBM). While there is no universal solution, the panelists shared insights on how organizations can customize their infrastructure according to their unique requirements.

Natarajan offered a distinctive viewpoint from the IRS, underlining the significance of stability, security, and compatibility with legacy systems over trendy new features. “We face the challenge of ensuring ethical AI and maintaining transparency to the taxpayer,” he remarked, emphasizing the specific needs of government IT frameworks. Both Fenton and Klos stressed the necessity for flexibility and open architecture, while Hirst reminded attendees that traditional performance indicators such as latency and throughput continue to be vital in AI workloads.

### Wrapping Up: Cocktails and Networking

Following the conclusion of the panels, attendees enjoyed a private tour of the museum’s “Bond in Motion” exhibit, which highlighted the legendary vehicles from the James Bond films. The evening seamlessly transitioned into a cocktail hour, where guests networked, exchanged business cards, and continued the dialogues initiated throughout the day.

For many, the networking aspects were the event’s pinnacle. “Being able to connect and exchange business cards with Ars readers is one of the most thrilling and rewarding aspects of this role,” one of the event organizers noted. The gathering concluded on a positive note, leaving participants eager for more Ars Technica events in the future.

### Looking Ahead

If you

The Distinct Characteristics of Baseball’s “Magic Mud” and Its Significance

# The Science Behind Baseball’s “Magic Mud”: An In-Depth Exploration of the Secret to Pitcher Grip

Since the 1940s, Major League Baseball (MLB) has depended on a distinctive material referred to as “magic mud” to enhance pitchers’ grip on the ball. This mud, obtained from a clandestine site near Palmyra, New Jersey, has been an essential part of baseball for many years. It is applied to fresh baseballs prior to games to minimize their slick, shiny coating, making them simpler to handle. But what precisely contributes to the uniqueness of this mud? Recent investigations by scientists at the University of Pennsylvania have illuminated the extraordinary characteristics of this mud, uncovering the science that explains its effectiveness.

## The Origins of Magic Mud

Prior to the introduction of magic mud, baseballs were treated with an array of substances including water, infield soil, tobacco juice, or even shoe polish. However, these approaches often resulted in discoloration or damage to the leather surface of the baseball, prompting discontent among both players and umpires. Enter Lena Blackburne, a third-base coach for the Philadelphia Athletics in the 1930s. After learning of an umpire’s grievance regarding the subpar condition of treated baseballs, Blackburne embarked on a quest for a superior solution. He stumbled upon a unique mud near Palmyra, New Jersey, leading to the creation of the Lena Blackburne Baseball Rubbing Mud.

The mud is extracted from a hidden site, filtered, excess water is skimmed off, rinsed, and then subjected to a specialized treatment before being left to settle. Despite its prolonged usage in baseball, scientific inquiry into the mud’s attributes has been scarce—until now.

## Unlocking the Mystery: The Science of Magic Mud

In a recent study published in the *Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences*, scientists at the University of Pennsylvania, led by Shravan Pradeep, performed several experiments to investigate the composition and characteristics of magic mud. Their results reveal that the mud’s distinctive properties stem from its intricate composition and mechanical behavior.

### What Is Mud?

At its essence, mud is a dense mixture of clay and silt particles suspended in water, often containing a minor amount of sand. This amalgamation falls under the category of non-Newtonian fluids, which means its viscosity varies in response to applied stress or strain. In simpler terms, mud can act like both a liquid and a solid, depending on the forces exerted on it. This characteristic, known as rheology, is vital in determining how magic mud spreads and coats a baseball.

### Rheology and Tribology: The Key to Grip

The researchers performed three groups of experiments to evaluate the mud’s characteristics:

1. **Rheology (Flow Behavior):** The team spread the mud between two plates and rotated them to assess viscosity changes using a rheometer. They discovered that the mud displays shear-thinning behavior, meaning it becomes less viscous (thinner) as it is spread, enabling a smooth, uniform application on the baseball.

2. **Stickiness (Adhesion):** Utilizing an atomic force microscope, the researchers investigated the atomic structure of the mud to pinpoint its stickiness. They found that the blend of clay and silt particles, combined with organic components, contributes to the mud’s adhesive qualities, allowing it to adhere to the baseball’s surface.

3. **Friction (Grip):** To quantify the friction between a pitcher’s fingertips and a mud-coated baseball, the team engineered a custom device. They affixed pieces of mudded baseball leather onto acrylic plates and placed a ball onto the surface. Initially, they utilized a steel ball, but it was devoid of the elasticity of human skin. Consequently, they developed a synthetic ball made from PDMS (polydimethylsiloxane), mimicking human skin’s elasticity and covered it with synthetic squalene to imitate the oil produced by human fingers.

### The Composition of Magic Mud

The study showed that magic mud is chiefly composed of silt and clay, with a small amount of sand and organic material. The clay and silt particles are responsible for the mud’s stickiness, while the sand contributes a gritty texture. This mixture allows the mud to act like a skin cream when applied, spreading readily to create a thin, even coating on the baseball.

However, once the mud dries, it behaves more like sandpaper. The angular sand particles adhere to the baseball’s surface, enhancing friction and improving grip. The finer particles further augment adhesion, rendering the mud an ideal substance for enhancing a pitcher’s control over the ball.

## Practical Applications Beyond Baseball

While magic mud may appear to be a simple, natural substance, its remarkable mechanical properties offer potential applications beyond the baseball field. The researchers propose that the mud could serve as a natural substitute for synthetic lubricants, assuming the gritty sand particles are removed. It might also be valuable as a friction agent to improve grip on slick surfaces or as a binding agent in various contexts.

OpenAI Secures New Vanity Domain for ChatGPT, Allegedly Priced at $15 Million

# Speculator Exchanges Valuable Domain for OpenAI Shares Rather than Cash Payment

In an unexpected turn of events, OpenAI has secured the domain name “chat.com,” a highly sought-after and concise domain that now redirects to the organization’s well-known AI assistant, ChatGPT. The acquisition, revealed by OpenAI CEO Sam Altman through a brief tweet, carries an intriguing narrative involving a multimillion-dollar transaction and an unconventional payment method.

## The $15.5 Million Domain Agreement

The domain “chat.com” was initially bought by Dharmesh Shah, the founder and CTO of HubSpot, for an astounding $15.5 million in early 2023. Shah, an entrepreneur deeply interested in conversational interfaces, acquired the domain intending to advocate what he referred to as “Chat-based UX” or “#ChatUX.” He believed that natural language interfaces, driven by generative AI, would transform the way individuals interact with software.

In a LinkedIn post from that period, Shah articulated his vision: “The reason I bought chat.com is straightforward: I believe Chat-based UX (#ChatUX) is the next significant advancement in software. Engaging with computers/software via a natural language interface is significantly more intuitive. This is made viable by Generative A.I.”

Nonetheless, Shah’s ownership of the domain was brief, as OpenAI soon showed interest in obtaining it. Rather than opting for conventional cash compensation, Shah chose to receive shares in OpenAI, thereby becoming an investor in the organization. He confirmed this choice in a post on X (formerly Twitter), asserting that he “doesn’t like profiting off of individuals he regards as friends.”

## A Strategic Initiative for OpenAI

OpenAI’s choice to acquire “chat.com” is a tactical one. The domain is not only concise and memorable but also directly connected to the organization’s flagship product, ChatGPT. At present, “chat.com” redirects to “chatgpt.com,” which continues to host the AI chatbot. The acquisition of such a valuable domain emphasizes OpenAI’s commitment to fortifying its brand presence in the AI sector.

While the precise value of the transaction remains undisclosed, it’s probable that OpenAI transferred shares valued at a significant fraction of the original $15.5 million Shah paid for the domain. However, considering OpenAI’s recent fundraising efforts, which have garnered an astonishing $6.6 billion, the domain acquisition signifies merely a small portion of the company’s accessible capital.

## The AI Community’s Response

The acquisition of “chat.com” swiftly became a topic of discussion on social media, with numerous users humorously commenting on the multimillion-dollar deal. Some joked about the substantial amounts involved, alluding to an earlier report that Altman had been negotiating to raise an eye-popping $7 trillion for AI chip manufacturing. Although Altman later downplayed this figure as exaggerated, it has since become a running joke within the AI community.

One user on X humorously remarked, “Now I get what you needed the 7 trillion for,” in response to Altman’s announcement regarding the domain acquisition.

## The Future of Chat-Based Interfaces

The procurement of “chat.com” underscores the increasing significance of conversational AI and natural language interfaces. As generative AI continues to advance, more companies are likely to invest in similar technologies and domains to remain competitive in the industry. Shah’s belief in the potential of Chat-based UX mirrors a broader movement within the tech sector, where intuitive, human-like interactions with software are gaining immense value.

For OpenAI, obtaining “chat.com” symbolizes more than just a branding strategy—it’s an indication of the company’s long-term aspiration to lead in the conversational AI sphere. With ChatGPT already recognized widely, the acquisition of such a prominent domain further solidifies OpenAI’s status as a contender in the AI revolution.

## Conclusion

The narrative of OpenAI’s acquisition of “chat.com” serves as a captivating case of how high-stakes transactions within the tech realm can evolve. Dharmesh Shah’s choice to opt for shares over cash not only mirrors his personal principles but also positions him as a stakeholder in one of the most impactful AI organizations of our era. For OpenAI, the acquisition represents a modest yet strategic investment in its future as it continues to explore the possibilities of what AI can accomplish.

As conversational AI gains more traction, the acquisition of premium domains like “chat.com” will likely become even more critical, functioning as both valuable assets and robust branding instruments in the constantly changing tech landscape.