Viruses depend on hosts for their survival. However, certain viruses demonstrate greater efficiency in their reproduction capabilities compared to others. Recent investigations indicate that the herpes virus, specifically herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1), has the ability to alter human DNA in less than an hour post-infection.
A [recent study](https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-025-60534-6) published in *Nature Communication* reveals that the virus does more than simply commandeer the host’s cells. It fundamentally modifies the human genome, transforming the DNA of infected individuals to facilitate its own reproduction.
Moreover, the researchers assert that the alterations inflicted by the herpes virus on human DNA are not merely incidental. Instead, this modification is a deliberate action. Once established, these changes create an optimal environment for the virus to proliferate. While herpes can lead to more severe manifestations, it generally presents as cold sores most of the time.
Despite its prevalence, estimates suggest that over two-thirds of individuals under 50 harbor the virus. Nevertheless, it does not manifest in everyone infected. When it does appear, it typically coincides with periods of stress, illness, or immune suppression. As mentioned previously, it can extend its impact to cause encephalitis, which is inflammation of the brain, as well as genital infections.
What captivates scientists about the operation of this virus is its takeover of RNAP II, a specific type of RNA responsible for transcribing and producing new DNA. However, after the herpes virus gains control, the RNA begins to replicate its own genes and produce additional copies of itself instead. This [enables the virus to proliferate](https://bgr.com/science/mind-altering-parasite-takes-control-of-host-spiders-before-killing-them/) at an extraordinary tempo.
Such control is not unique to this virus. Several virus-like parasites exhibit comparable behavior, overtaking host cells for their own replication. This is one reason [viruses are particularly challenging to fight](https://bgr.com/science/up-to-50-of-all-people-are-infected-with-this-scary-parasite-study-says/). Fortunately, researchers have discovered that a particular enzyme can inhibit the virus from seizing control in such a manner. This enzyme, named TOP1, emerges as a promising candidate for combating the virus.
This research aims to uncover new targets for innovative therapies.
