**The Key To Existence On Mars May Involve Cosmic Rays, Per This Recent Research**
The concept of life on Mars appears to be straight out of a “Doctor Who” episode. However, a study published in the [International Journal of Astrobiology](https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/international-journal-of-astrobiology/article/estimating-the-potential-of-ionizing-radiationinduced-radiolysis-for-microbial-metabolism-on-terrestrial-planets-and-satellites-with-rarefied-atmospheres/187F317A3974A2008227C707538785E9) contests this science fiction perspective. The findings indicate that [Mars’ atmosphere](https://www.bgr.com/science/researchers-found-key-evidence-of-how-mars-atmosphere-has-changed-over-the-years/) is sparse, and the planet does not possess a magnetic field, resulting in a continuous barrage of intense radiation from outer space, particularly galactic cosmic rays.
These energetic particles originate from beyond our solar system and are generally regarded as harmful, as they can damage DNA and injure living cells. Nevertheless, the research in the publication proposes that under optimal conditions, this radiation might foster life rather than annihilate it.
Currently, Earth is home to a microorganism that sustains itself entirely on radiation. In a South African gold mine, researchers identified an organism that fuels its metabolism through radiation-driven chemistry, entirely independent of sunlight. The study prompts the inquiry of whether analogous life forms may be lurking beneath the Martian surface, where cosmic rays interact with rocks and ice in a manner conducive to supporting life.
**How cosmic rays could foster life on Mars**
When cosmic rays collide with rocks or ice, they trigger a reaction sequence known as radiolysis. This mechanism breaks down water and other molecules into smaller components, generating energy-dense compounds such as hydrogen and oxidants. These are precisely the types of chemicals that primitive microbes could utilize as sustenance.
The research presents a fresh concept referred to as the radiolytic habitable zone (RHZ). These areas situated beneath the surface could potentially allow cosmic ray-driven reactions to yield sufficient energy to sustain microbial life. Employing simulations, the researchers approximated the depth of this zone on Mars, as well as on Europa, a moon of Jupiter, and Enceladus, a moon of Saturn. The hypothesis is that these RHZs could nurture simple, radiation-powered life forms in locations shielded from the extreme conditions on the surface.
However, this notion remains theoretical, and we are not establishing a [base on Mars](https://www.bgr.com/science/astronomers-found-the-perfect-spot-to-set-up-a-base-on-mars/) at this point. The researchers recognize that the models do not factor in how changes in temperature might influence underground chemistry, nor do they address which types of organic molecules can actually form in such environments. Naturally, because Earth is largely protected from cosmic ray radiation due to its atmosphere and magnetic shield, there are no concrete examples of life developing under these conditions.
**Potential Habitats on Mars**
If the researchers’ hypothesis holds true and life fueled by cosmic rays does exist on Mars, there are a few intriguing locations to investigate. These lie beneath Mars’ polar ice caps. The north pole is named Planum Boreum, and the south pole is referred to as Planum Australe. These extensive ice caps on [Mars are primarily composed of water ice](https://www.bgr.com/science/we-may-finally-know-what-happened-to-the-water-on-mars/) and a seasonal layer of carbon dioxide ice, commonly known as dry ice. They provide a distinctive environment where life might receive protection from surface radiation while still being exposed to sufficient cosmic rays underground to drive radiolytic chemistry.
To date, no Mars missions have specifically explored these polar zones directly. Nonetheless, future missions are on the horizon. The European Space Agency’s ExoMars mission is slated for launch in 2028, while NASA’s Mars Life Explorer is anticipated for the 2030s. These missions will feature drills capable of penetrating about six feet beneath the surface, theoretically deep enough to access the RHZ and search for potential signs of life.
If successful, these two upcoming missions will be pivotal in determining whether the theory put forth in the International Journal of Astrobiology has validity. While the proposition is captivating, significant progress remains before humanity could establish its own settlements in various areas of our solar system.
